144#1#0#0:0:0#Part III<br>Emperor Toba<br>Seventy fourth reign; forty first generation<br>Personal name: Munehito<br>First son of Horikawa<br>Mother: the posthumously appointed empress dowager<br>Fujiwara no Jishi, daughter of the posthumously<br> appointed great minister of the council of state,<br>    Sanesue<br>Acceded to the throne in 1107 and changed the era name<br>    in 1108<br>
144#2#0#0:0:0#Emperor Toba ruled for sixteen years, then abdicated in favor of the crown prince and took the designation of retired emperor.<br>
144#3#0#0:0:0#Since Shirakawa was the senior retired emperor, Toba became known as the newly retired emperor (shin'in); and whenever Shirakawa went in procession to one place or another, Toba rode in the same carriage with him. Yet on the occasion of a snow-viewing excursion, Toba, wearing court hat (eboshi), robe (naoshi), and boots (fukagutsu), and mounted on a horse, rode in advance of Shirakawa's carriage.\NOTENUM1: People everywhere looked with astonishment at the extraordinary spectacle of a former sovereign on horseback. Possibly Toba used as his precedent the occasion when, long ago, retired emperor Saga moved his place of residence to the Saga in.\NOTENUM2: On that occasion Saga also rode on horseback as he passed through the palace grounds and departed from the city precincts of the capital.<br>
144#4#2#0:0:0#The procession of Shirakawa and Toba on the snow viewing excursion was truly resplendent and, evidently because of Toba's love of gorgeous finery, the costumes were starched with stiff formality and the frontpieces of the hats (eboshi) were lacquered. These were customs in dress that were begun about this time. The Hanazono minister, Arihito,\NOTENUM3: was also gorgeously attired. It even appeared that Toba and he had planned to coordinate their costumes, thus setting a general style of matching dress for sovereign and subject.<br>
144#5#0#0:0:0#When Shirakawa died, Toba assumed control of the in government. Although Toba was actually Shirakawa's grandchild, he had always been treated as his child, and he mourned Shirakawa as one would a parent.\NOTENUM4:<br>
144M#6#0#0:0:0#Toba ruled as senior retired emperor for more than twenty years; although he took the tonsure during that period, he continued to manage affairs as before. 
##0#0:0:0#145/When we speak of the precedential examples of rule by in, we refer to the two tenures of Shirakawa and Toba.<br>
145#1#0#0:0:0#Toba died at the age of fifty four.<br>
145#2#0#0:0:0#Emperor Sutoku<br>	Seventy fifth reign<br>	Personal name: Akihito<br>	Second son of Toba<br>	Mother: Empress Fujiwara no Shoshi (also known as<br>		Taikenmon in), daughter of the lay priest and major<br>		counselor, Kinsane<br>	Acceded to the throne in 1123 and changed the era name<br>		in 1124<br>
145#3#3#0:0:0#In 1128, the third year of the Ching k'ang era\NOTENUM5: in the reign of the Sung emperor Ch'in Tsung the government of the Sung fell into disorder. As a result, the northern barbarian state of Chin arose, seized retired emperor Hui Tsung and Emperor Ch'in Tsung, and returned with them to the north. The emperor's younger brother, Kao Tsung, fled southward across the Yangtze River and established his capital and temporary palace at Hangchow. Kao Tsung's flight is known as the southward movement of the Sung.<br>
145#4#0#0:0:0#Emperor Sutoku reigned for eighteen years, but his relations with retired emperor Toba were poor\NOTENUM6: and, for this reason, he eventually abdicated. Sutoku took the tonsure at the time of the Hogen disturbance in 1156, but was nevertheless exiled to Sanuki Province. He died at the age of forty six.<br>
145#5#0#0:0:0#Emperor Konoe<br>Seventy sixth reign<br>Personal name: Narihito<br>Eighth son of Toba<br>Mother: Empress Fujiwara no Tokushi (Bifukumon in),<br> daughter of the posthumously appointed minister<br>        of the left, Nagasane<br>    Acceded to the throne in 1141 and changed the era<br>         name in 1142<br>
145#6#0#0:0:0#Emperor Konoe reigned for fourteen years and died at the young age of seventeen.<br>
145#7#1#0:0:0#Emperor Goshirakawa<br>Seventy seventh reign; forty second generation<br>Personal name: MasahitoFourth son of Toba<br>Younger brother of Sutoku by the same mother<br>
145M#8#0#0:0:0#Emperor Konoe was Toba's particular favorite among his sons. When he died at an early age, Sutoku's son, Prince Shigehito, should have succeeded him. But because of the poor relations that had long existed between Toba and Sutoku, Shigehito was passed over. Sutoku schemed anxiously on his son's behalf, but Goshirakawa was finally selected to accede to the throne.  Moreover, Goshirakawa was made emperor without even the formalities of first being installed as crown prince. Surely it was the will of the gods that the imperial succession should thenceforth go solely to the descendants of Goshirakawa, who acceded to the throne in 1155 and changed the era name to Hogen in 1156. At the death of Toba in the latter year, Goshirakawa assumed personal rulership (shinsei) of the country.<br>
146#1#0#0:0:0#Minister of the Left Yorinaga was the second son of the lay priest and regent (kampaku) Tadazane (Chisoku in). His older brother was the regent Tadamichi (Hoshoji dono),\NOTENUM7: who was versed in both Chinese and Japanese scholarship and had long served as imperial regent. Yorinaga was himself knowledgeable in Chinese scholarship, but he had a stern and unpleasant disposition and, as his father's favorite son, was accustomed to having his own way. Even though his older brother Tadamichi was regent, Yorinaga was made head (uji no choja) of the Fujiwara clan and was appointed by decree to serve as imperial examiner (nairan). This was the first instance since the beginning of the Fujiwara regency that the clan headship was given to someone other than the regent.<br>
146#2#1#0:0:0#The origin of the office of imperial examiner goes back to an earlier time. At the beginning of Daigo's reign, the minister of the left, Fujiwara no Tokihira, and Sugawara no Michizane jointly assisted in government, both as nairan. But since Tokihira was not also regent at the same time, there was no breach of the rule that there should not be simultaneous occupancy of the offices of regent and imperial examiner.<br>
146#3#0#0:0:0#Tadamichi possessed a placid disposition and went about his business as before, without unduly concerning himself about the relationship with his brother Yorinaga. Then, about the time Emperor Konoe died, Yorinaga was relieved of his position as imperial examiner. Deeply resentful and apparently determined somehow to take control of the government himself, he persuaded the retired emperor Sutoku to join him in a plot that plunged the country into strife. The outbreak of this Hogen disturbance occurred just seven days after the death of Sutoku's father, the senior retired emperor Toba. In helping to foment the disturbance, Sutoku went against the way of filial piety and Yorinaga violated the code of the loyal minister.<br>
146#4#0#0:0:0#Toba seems to have anticipated the events that would lead to the Hogen disturbance. Summoning Taira no Kiyomori, Minamoto no Yoshitomo, and others, he directed them to defend the imperial palace. And when Sutoku left his Toba Palace during the disturbance and went to Oidono at Shirakawa (where troops were already mustered), Emperor Goshirakawa issued a directive to Kiyomori, Yoshitomo, and the others ordering them to attack Sutoku's new position. This attack by the imperial forces was victorious, and Sutoku fled toward the western mountains. Minister of the Left Yorinaga was struck by a stray arrow. Although he managed to get as far as Nara zaka, he finally perished there.\NOTENUM8:<br>
146M#5#2#0:0:0#Retired emperor Sutoku took the tonsure, but was exiled to Sanuki. Yorinaga's sons were banished to various provinces, and many of the bushi on the losing side were executed. Among them was Yoshitomo's father, Minamoto no Tameyoshi, who for some reason decided to join the Sutoku side and thereby placed himself in opposition to his son. Tameyoshi's other sons all joined their father. When the fighting ended in the defeat of Sutoku's forces, Tameyoshi, like Sutoku, took the tonsure. But Yoshitomo received custody of his father and had him put to death, an unprecedented act. After the fighting at Nara zaka during Saga's reign,\NOTENUM9:there had been no further armed conflicts in the capital. The strife from this time of Hogen on was surely a sign of the decline of the age.<br>
147#1#0#0:0:0#The husband of Goshirakawa's wetnurse, the priest and minor counselor Michinori,\NOTENUM10: was a member of the Confucian scholarly branch of the Fujiwara (the Nanke, or southern branch). Although a man of vast talent and learning, he had not met with good fortune and had taken holy vows. But Michinori came into great favor during Goshirakawa's reign and was able to conduct the affairs of state behind the scenes as he saw fit. From the time of Shirakawa, the imperial palace had long been in a state of ruin,\NOTENUM11: and successive emperors had been obliged to live in temporary residences.\NOTENUM12: Michmori, however, managed somehow to have the palace rebuilt at no cost to the public treasury. He also revived various functions and ceremonies that had long been discontinued and beautified all the streets of the capital, providing the city with an appearance it had not had since much earlier times.<br>
147#2#0#0:0:0#After reigning for three years, Goshirakawa abdicated in favor of the crown prince and, in accordance with custom, received the title of retired emperor. Goshirakawa continued to administer the business of the country for another thirty years or more through the office of in. Although he took the tonsure during this period, he continued to hold the reins of court government, just as Shirakawa and Toba had before him. Lamentably, however, the country went through one disorder after another in Goshirakawa's time. He was father or grandfather to five emperors\NOTENUM13: and died at the age of sixty six.<br>
147#3#4#0:0:0#Emperor Nijo<br>Seventy eighth reignPersonal name: Morihito<br>Oldest son of Goshirakawa<br>Mother: the posthumously appointed empress dowager<br> Fujiwara no Ishi, daughter<br> of the posthumously appointed great minister of state,<br> Tsunesane<br>Acceded to the throne in 1158 and changed the era name<br> to Heiji in 1159<br>
148#1#0#0:0:0#There was at this time a man named Fujiwara no Nobuyori,. who was captain of the right outer palace guards and also much favored by Goshirakawa, even to the point of being entrusted with important matters of court government. Greatly swelled with pride, Nobuyori requested of the former emperor promotion to the position of general of the inner palace guards, but was refused as a result of the intervention of Michinori.<br>
148#2#0#0:0:0#Minamoto no Yoshitomo, meanwhile, had become resentful because he had been outstripped by Kiyomori. Seeing this, Nobuyori approached the Minamoto chieftain and together they plotted rebellion. Although Yoshitomo's contribution to victory in the Hogen disturbance had been far greater, Kiyomori, having formed family ties with Michinori,\NOTENUM14: was more richly rewarded for his participation in the fighting. The plotters believed that if they could only eliminate Michinori and Kiyomori, they would then be able to do as they wished with the country. Seizing the opportunity presented when Kiyomori went on a pilgrimage to Kumano, they launched their plot by setting fire to Goshirakawa's residence, the Sanjo Palace, and moving the former emperor to the main imperial palace. They also held Emperor Nijo in custody in another part of the palace.<br>
148#3#0#0:0:0#Convinced that escape from the plotters was impossible, Michinori committed suicide. His sons were promptly exiled to various provinces.<br>
148#4#1#0:0:0#Although Michinori was a man of ability and intelligence, he lacked the wisdom to recognize his own transgressions and to prevent calamity before it occurred. He admonished Goshirakawaabout Nobuyori's improper aspiration to higher office, yet his own sons rose to exalted positions, including assistant chief of the inner palace guards and the post of counselor and above. Doubtless it was because he went against the will of heaven that Michinori came to such an end.<br>
148#5#0#0:0:0#Meanwhile Kiyomori, learning of the rebellion, interrupted his pilgrimage and returned to the capital. Some of the palace officials who had been drawn into the plot by Nobuyori now had a change of heart. Secretly smuggling Emperor Nijo and retired emperor Goshirakawa from the palace, they escorted them to Kiyomori's residence. The subjugation of Nobuyori, Yoshitomo, and the others began, and before long the imperial forces were victorious. Nobuyori was captured and beheaded; although he tried to escape to the eastern provinces, Yoshitomo was cut down in Owari, and his head exposed to public view.<br>
149#1#0#0:0:0#In addition to being the chieftain of a warrior line that had long served the throne, Yoshitomo had performed with great distinction during the Hogen disturbance. Yet in having his father beheaded, he committed a most serious transgression, unknown from ancient times and without precedent in either China or Japan. Yoshitomo clearly went against the way of the son, which dictates that, even though he may be obliged to renounce his own achievements and relinquish high office and position, a son must at all costs seek to aid his father. How could it be expected that, having thus violated the dictates of filial piety, Yoshitomo would fulfill his promise as a warrior? It was the just reward of heaven that he perished as he did.<br>
149#2#1#0:0:0#This patricide was, of course, Yoshitomo's own doing; yet there was also a failing on the part of the court, and it is upon this that we must reflect. There were, at the time, many distinguished ministers at court, and Michinori himself exercised general control of court business. Why then did no one admonish Yoshitomo for his act? The saying "to destroy one's kin for the sake of supreme duty (taigi)" originated when Shih Ch'&uuml;eh killed his children.\NOTENUM15: It is fitting for a father to destroy disloyal children, but there is nojustification at all in a child's killing his father, no matter how disloyal the father may be. To quote a passage from Mencius, "When Shun was emperor, what would he have done if his father Ku Sou, having killed someone, was arrested by the magistrate Kao Yao? He would have abandoned the throne, taken his father, and fled with him." \NOTENUM16: This is interesting as a clarification of the way of morality (chuko) in the teachings of a sage.<br>
149#3#0#0:0:0#The country has been disordered since the time of the Hogen and Heiji disturbances, and whereas military force has been esteemed, the authority of the throne has been ignored. It is obvious that the reason order still has not been restored to the land after these many years is the continuing violation by people of the principles of proper conduct (meiko).<br>
149M#4#2#0:0:0#There was a brief respite after the Heiji disturbance, but then relations between Emperior Nijo and the retired emperor Goshirakawa worsened. Nijo's uncle by marriage, Major Counselor Tsunemune, and his wetnurse's son, Intendant Korekata, and others went against the wishes of Goshirakawa, who responded by ordering Taira no Kiyomori to seize and exile them. (Tsunemune was later recalled from exile and eventually rose to the positions of great minister and general of the inner palace guards.) From this point on Kiyomori took full control of the government of the country, and before long he rose to the position of great minister of the council of state, while his sons became great ministers and generals of the inner palace guards. Even Kiyomori's brothers rose to the positions of generals of the inner palace guards, left and night. (This occurred not only during Emperor Nijo's time but, as I shall indicate, also in later reigns.) More than half the provinces of the country became the domains of the Taira, \NOTENUM17: and many of the offices and ranks at court were monopo lized by them and their retainers.\NOTENUM18: The exercise of imperial authority virtually ceased.<br>
150#1#0#0:0:0#Emperor Nijo reigned for seven years and died at the age of Twenty three.<br>
150#2#0#0:0:0#Emperor Rokujo<br>	Seventy ninth reign<br>	Personal name: Nobuhito<br>	Oldest son of Nijo<br>Mother: the daughter of Iki no Kanemori, junior<br>     assistant minister<br>    of the treasury (This lady did not receive posthumous<br>     rank, apparently because of her low family status.)<br>Acceded to the throne in 1165 and changed the era name<br>     in 1166<br>
150#3#0#0:0:0#Emperor Rokujo reigned for three years, but during that time retired emperor Goshirakawa handled the actual affairs of state. Perhaps because of the enmity that had existed between his father, Nijo, and Goshirakawa, Rokujo soon abdicated. Even before undergoing the coming of age ceremony, he died at the early age of thirteen.<br>
150#4#1#0:0:0#Emperor Takakura<br>	Eightieth reign; forty third generation<br>	Personal name: Norihito<br>	Fifth son of Goshirakawa<br>	Mother: Empress Taira no Shigeko (Kenshunmon in),daughter of the posthumously appointed minister of<br>                the left, Tokinobu<br>        Acceded to the throne in 1168 and changed the era name<br>                 in 1169<br>
150#5#0#0:0:0#Retired emperor Goshirakawa continued to administer the affairs of state. <br>
150#6#0#0:0:0#It was especially during Emperor Takakura's reign that Taira no Kiyomori came to monopolize power at court. Kiyomori's daughter, Tokushi, entered the palace at this time as an imperial concubine, and before long she was elevated to empress. Yet toward the end of Takakura's reign there were increasing reports of sporadic rebellions, a result no doubt of the fact that the Taira, in acts that revealed ignorance of their proper station in life, had gone against the will of heaven (ten'i).<br>
150M#7#0#0:0:0#Kiyomori's eldest son, Minister of the Center Shigemori, was by nature a wise man and admonished his father for his bad deeds. But Shigemori died prematurely, and thereafter Kiyomori became ever more arrogant and exercised power ever more arbitrarily. The regent at the time was the great minister Motofusa (Bodai in), but he ran afoul of Kiyomori and was exiled from court by appointment to the post of provisional governor general of Dazaifu. Great Minister Moronaga (Myoon in) was also banished from Kyoto, and many others were similarly punished.<br>
151#1#0#0:0:0#There was at the time a man named Minamoto no Yorimasa, holder of the junior third rank, who made overtures to Prince Mochihito, a son of Goshirakawa. Mochihito had undergone the coming of age ceremony but had thereafter been ignored at court, not even receiving formal investiture as an imperial prince (shinno). Urged on by Yorimasa, Mochihito issued a decree to Minamoto clansmen throughout the provinces to rise against the Taira. Although the plan was revealed and both Mochihito and Yorimasa were killed, their action precipitated a great conflict.<br>
151#2#0#0:0:0#Minamoto no Yoshitomo's son Yoritomo (the former assistant captain of the military guards, right division, and holder of the junior fifth rank, lower grade; Yoritomo had been a sixth rank member of the sovereign's private office but was promoted by Nobuyori at the time of the Heiji disturbance) had been spared the death penalty after the Heiji disturbance through outside interven tion\NOTENUM19: and exiled to Izu Province. Now, after the passage of many years, he received Prince Mochihito's secret directive and was also covertly approached by the retired emperor Goshirakawa. Thus encouraged, Yoritomo began raising loyalist troops in the eastern provinces.<br>
151#3#0#0:0:0#Emperor Takakura greatly lamented Kiyomori's ceaseless wicked acts. Weary of this world, he abruptly abdicated the throne.<br>
151#4#0#0:0:0#Takakura reigned for twelve years. He even visited the Itsukushima Shrine in Aki Province, home of the deity especially revered by the Taira, with the apparent intent of praying for peace in the land. Takakura had a splendid disposition and was extremely filial. He was also an exceptional musician. But shortly after receiving the title of retired emperor, he died at the age of twenty one.<br>
151#4#0#0:0:0#Takakura reigned for twelve years. He even visited the Itsukushima Shrine in Aki Province, home of the deity especially revered by the Taira, with the apparent intent of praying for peace in the land. Takakura had a splendid disposition and was extremely filial. He was also an exceptional musician. But shortly after receiving the title of retired emperor, he died at the age of twenty one.<br>
151M#6#1#0:0:0#Priestly retired emperor Goshirakawa continued to manage the court, but as the Taira grew increasingly overbearing, disorder became endemic throughout the provinces. The Taira even decided to move the capital, and accordingly took Emperor Antoku in imperial procession to Kiyomori's residence at Fukuhara in Settsu Province. Goshirakawa and retired emperor Takakura were also moved to Fukuhara. But the cries of resentment from peoplewere so intense that the capital was transferred back to Kyoto. Before long Kiyomori died and was succeeded by his second son, Munemori. Paying no heed to the disordered state of the country, Munemori assumed the position of minister of the center. Since Munemori obviously lacked the ability of either his father or his older brother, Shigemori, confidence in Taira rule began to fall. The Minamoto forces in the eastern provinces had already become formidable, and Taira armies were defeated at one place after another.<br>
152#1#0#0:0:0#Meanwhile, Goshirakawa secretly escaped from the capital and sought sanctuary on Mount Hiei. The Taira, their power on the wane, took Emperor Antoku and fled to the western provinces; within three years they were totally destroyed.\NOTENUM20: At the climactic battle of Dannoura, Kiyomori's widow, Taira no Tokiko (who held the junior second rank), put the imperial jewels into the breast folds of her kimono, fastened the imperial sword to her waist, and with the young emperor in her arms plunged into the sea. What unspeakably turbulent times!<br>
152#2#2#0:0:0#Emperor Antoku reigned for three years and died at the age of eight. But since there were no instructions about how to honor him posthumously or to order his affairs, he is known in history simply as "Emperor" Antoku.\NOTENUM21:<br>\:152-3/Emperor Gotoba<br>Eighty second reign; forty fourth generation<br>Personal name: Takahira<br>Fourth son of Takakura<br>Mother: Shichijo no in, Fujiwara no Shokushi,<br>      daughter of the lay priest and master of palace repairs,<br>      Nobutaka (Most of the imperial mothers in the past<br>who did not become empresses were so designatedposthumously; and in no case was the title in granted<br>               until after appointment as empress. Shichijo no in<br>               was the first imperial mother to receive the title of in<br>               who had not also been empress. Her appointment to<br>               in, however, was preceded by an edict bestowing<br>               upon her the rank of jusangu.)\NOTENUM22:<br>
152#4#0#0:0:0#Although former Emperor Antoku went to the western provinces, his grandfather, Goshirakawa, continued to manage things at court. Hence there was no break in the normal routine of rule in the capital.<br>
152#5#0#0:0:0#As a person with close ties to the Taira, the imperial regent and	 great minister Motomichi had started out on the westward journey with Antoku. But apparently others persuaded him not to continue, for Motomichi abandoned the procession in Kyoto in the	 region of Ninth Avenue (Kujo). Apart from Motomichi, no one other than members of the Taira clan even sought to accompany the Antoku party.<br>
152#6#0#0:0:0#Goshirakawa sent orders demanding Antoku's return to the capital, but the Taira ignored them, whereupon Goshirakawa elevated Gotoba to the emperorship by decree. Without undergoing formal investiture as an imperial prince, Gotoba was first made crown prince and then given the acceptance of abdication (juzen) rites. The era name was changed in the fourth month of the following year, 1184, and in the seventh month Gotoba acceded to the throne.<br>
153#1#1#0:0:0#Despite the fact that he had an older brother by the same mother -Takakura's third son -Gotoba was personally chosen by Goshirakawa to become emperor. Because the Antoku party had taken the imperial regalia, this succession of Gotoba became the first	 in history to omit the traditional practice of ritual transmission of the regalia from a sovereign to his successor. But since the succession was carried out at the direction of Goshirakawa, who as priestly retired emperor was at the time the country's locus of (honshu), it was clearly a legitimate succession.\NOTENUM23: That it was also carried out under the manifest protection of the deities of Ise and Atsuta\NOTENUM24: is further proof that there was no true violation of the rules of legitimate transfer of the throne.<br>
153#2#0#0:0:0#Following the destruction of the Taira, the mirror and jewel were returned to the emperor, but the sword, alas, sank into the sea at Dannoura and was never recovered. The Hi no Goza sword was thereafter used in its place. Later, in accordance with an oracle from the Imperial Shrine at Ise, another sacred sword was supplied, and it has been regarded as part of the regalia until recent times.<br>
153#3#0#0:0:0#Although I have already discussed the imperial regalia several times, I would like to comment on them once again. Let me begin with the sacred mirror, known as Yata no Kagami. The original of the Yata no Kagami is worshipped at the Imperial Shrine of Ise, whereas the mirror kept in the sacred mirror room (naishidokoro) of the palace is a substitute made during the reign of Emperor Sujin. The naishidokoro mirror was in the palace during the fire of the Tentoku era (957 960) in Murakami's time, but survived with its flawless shape intact. It was exposed to fire a second time during the Chokyu era (1040 1043) of Gosuzaku's reign, but was discovered shining forth from the ashes and was installed once again for worship. During all this time, the original mirror was kept safely at the ancestral shrine of the imperial family at Ise.<br>
153M#4#2#0:0:0#The original sword of the imperial regalia, the Ame no-Murakumo sword (later known also as the Kusanagi sword), is worshipped at the Atsuta Shrine. The sword that sank into the sea at Dannoura was, like the mirror, a substitute made during the reign of Sujin. Although its loss appears most regrettably to have been a sign of the degeneration of the later age (masse), in no way did it diminish the wondrousness of the Atsuta deity's authority. Long ago a priest from Silla named Tohaeng came to Japan andstole the Atsuta sword,\NOTENUM25: but through divine intervention he was prevented from leaving the country.<br>
154#1#0#0:0:0#Thus we can see that the original mirror and sword of the regalia have always been safely preserved. Through the ages they have protected generations of the imperial line and have broadly illuminated the land. Since the original sword remains at Atsuta as always, we should continue to think of the lost sword as though it too still existed.<br>
154#2#0#0:0:0#The sacred jewels are called the Yasakani no Magatama, and are a protective talisman that sovereigns have kept safely in their personal possession reign after reign from the age of the gods. It was therefore only natural that they should surface from the sea at Dannoura.<br>
154#3#0#0:0:0#People must be clearly informed about the nature and history of the imperial regalia. One hears that those not so informed believe the mirror met destruction in either the Tentoku or Chokyu eras of the ancient age and that the Kusanagi sword was lost in the sea at Dannoura. This is absolutely untrue. We regard the original regalia as vital to the very existence of our country and as the seedbed of its virtue. So long as the sun and the moon continue to traverse the heavens, we can be secure in the knowledge that none of the regalia is missing. How can there be any doubt about this when Amaterasu in her mandate has stated: "The imperial institution shall prosper eternally with heaven and earth themselves." We must continue to have absolute faith that there will be such prosperity in the future.<br>
154#4#2#0:0:0#While the Taira were still in the western provinces, Yoshinaka became the first of the Minamoto to enter Kyoto. Forcefully displaying his military power, he dominated the affairs of the court and even had himself appointed seii shogun.\NOTENUM26: Up to the time of Sakanoue no Tamuramaro in the ancient period, bestowal of this title was made solely for the purpose of quelling barbarian tribes in the east. During Masakado's rebellion, Tadafun, captain of the right outer palace guards, was made seito shogun and giventhe symbolic sword of military investiture.\NOTENUM27: But no similar appointment was made between the times of Tadafun and Yoshinaka.<br>
154M#5#0#0:0:0#Yoshinaka was guilty of many excesses and aroused the ire of retired emperor Goshirakawa. It was apparently because of this that some of Goshirakawa's courtier attendants even sought to muster military force to oppose Yoshinaka. But they were unsuccessful, and the Minamoto chieftain's behavior became even more outrageous. At this point Yoritomo, in the eastern provinces, sent his younger brothers Noriyori and Yoshitsune, who promptly destroyed Yoshinaka. Noriyori and Yoshitsune then headed for the western provinces and quelled the Taira. Once heaven's fortune has run out, even the most crafty of foes can be readily destroyed. But the continuing distress of the people was a result of the disasters of the age and seems to have been beyond the power of the deities.<br>
155#1#0#0:0:0#Thus the Taira were destroyed, and it looked as though the emperor would truly rule over the country again as he had in the past. But Yoritomo's achievement was without parallel in history, and it was in fact he who came to exercise power as he saw fit. Moreover, since the emperor delegated authority totally to Yoritomo, the court's own influence declined even more. When Yoritomo assigned constables (shugo) to the various provinces, the authority of the provincial governors (kokushi) was thereby reduced and the office of governor became merely an empty designation. In addition, the appointment at this time of stewards (jito) to all estates (shoen) and other private landholdings (goho) virtually rendered the office of estate proprietor (honjo) meaningless.<br>
155#2#1#0:0:0#Yoritomo held the junior fifth rank, lower grade, and was former assistant captain of the right palace guards. As a reward for dealing with Yoshinaka, he was advanced several ranks to the senior fourth rank, lower grade, and for subduing the Taira he was similarly promoted to the junior second rank. At the beginning of the Kenkyu era (1190 1198), Yoritomo went up to the capital forthe first time as Lord of Kamakura and was immediately appointed provisional major counselor and general of the right inner palace guards. He repeatedly refused these appointments, but the emperor pressed them upon him. Even after accepting them, Yoritomo soon resigned the offices and returned to Kamakura.\NOTENUM28: He was later appointed seii taishogun,\NOTENUM29: and from that point on the administration of the country fell completely under the control of his government in the east.<br>
155#3#0#0:0:0#During the disturbance caused by the Taira, both Todaiji and Kofukuji in Nara were burned down. The priest Shunjo set about gathering funds for the rebuilding of Todaiji. With the backing of the court as well as the support of Yoritomo, who felt deep gratitude for what Shunjo was doing, the priest soon had the temple rebuilt. How splendid it also was that those who prepared the dedication ceremony for the new Todaiji consulted the ancient precedents. Yoritomo visited the capital region for a second time to attend the ceremony, participating in the ritual of lay initiation (kechien)\NOTENUM30: and providing a military guard.<br>
155M#4#0#0:0:0#When senior retired emperor Goshirakawa died, Gotoba assumed rule. He reigned for a total of fifteen years, then abdicated in favor of the crown prince and, in accordance with custom, received the designation of retired emperor. Gotoba ruled another twenty years as in, but after the Jokyu incident he took the tonsure and died in the province of Oki.\NOTENUM31: He was sixty one.\NOTENUM32:<br>
156#1#5#0:0:0#Emperor Tsuchimikado<br>Eighty third reign; forty fifth generation<br>Personal name: TamehitoOldest son of Gotoba<br>Mother: Jomeimon in, Minamoto no Ariko, daughter<br>      of the minister of the center, Michichika<br>
156#2#0#0:0:0#Like his father, Tsuchimikado was not formally designated an imperial prince, but became crown prince and immediately thereafter was made emperor. He acceded to the throne in 1198 and changed the era name in the following year.<br>
156#3#0#0:0:0#Tsuchimikado reigned for twelve years. He then abdicated in favor of his younger brother and, in the usual manner, received the honorary title of retired emperor. Tsuchimikado was unmistakably in the direct line of descent (shochaku) \NOTENUM33: within the imperial succession and was also a person of excellent character. But because his father, Gotoba, gave his greatest love not to him but to his younger brother Juntoku, Tsuchimikado before long relinquished the throne to the latter. Tsuchimikado's own son was not even designated crown prince.<br>
156#4#0#0:0:0#At the time of the Jokyu incident, Tsuchimikado, apparently realizing that the right time had not yet come,\NOTENUM34: repeatedly cautioned Gotoba against taking precipitate action. Nevertheless, when disaster befell the Kyoto forces, Tsuchimikado chose to share his father's fate\NOTENUM35: and was exiled to Awa Province.\NOTENUM36: He died at the age of thirty seven.<br>
156#5#4#0:0:0#Emperor Juntoku<br>	Eighty fourth reign<br>	Personal name: MorinariThird son of Gotoba<br>Mother: Shumeimon in, Fujiwara no Shigeko,<br>     daughter of the posthumously appointed minister of the left, Norisue<br>Acceded to the throne in 1210 and changed the era name<br>      in 1211<br>
156M#6#0#0:0:0#The shogun at this time was Yoritomo's second son, Sanetomo, who rose in the courtier ranking system to minister of the right and general of the left but was murdered by the priest Kugyo, a son of Sanetomo's older brother, Captain of the Left Outer Palace Guards Yoriie. Since Sanetomo had no successor, the line of Yoritomo came permanently to an end, and administration of the eastern provinces was assumed by Yoritomo's widow, Taira no Masako, holder of the junior second rank and the daughter of Tokimasa. Masako's younger brother Yoshitoki, taking charge of Bakufu military affairs, petitioned the court with the request that a son of senior retired emperor Gotoba be sent from Kyoto to serve as shogun at Kamakura. But Yoshitoki's petition was rejected, and instead the imperial regent (sessho) and great minister Kujo Michiie, who was on friendly terms with Kamakura because of family ties with the Minamoto since Yoritomo's time, supplied one of his sons to be the new shogun.\NOTENUM37: Although Michiie assisted the youth, actual management of Bakufu affairs was entirely in the hands of Yoshitoki.<br>
157#1#0#0:0:0#Emperor Juntoku reigned for eleven years and then abdicated. But. because of the defeat of the Kyoto forces in the Jokyu incident, he was exiled to Sado. He died at the age of forty six.<br>
157#2#1#0:0:0#An uragaki says:<br>Sanetomo: second son of Lord Yoritomo, the former general of the right and seii taishogun. When Yoritomo died in the first month of 1199, an edict was issued appointing his oldest son, Yoriie, constable general of the land (at the time, Yoriie was middle captain of the inner palace guards, left division, and held the senior fifth rank, lower grade). Yoriie was appointed seii taishogun in the seventh month of 1202, but he became mentally ill in 1203 and was banished to Shuzenji in Izu, where he was murdered the following year.After Yoriie fell ill, he was succeeded by Sanetomo at the order of his mother and his uncle, Hojo Yoshitoki. Sanetomo was given the junior fifth rank, lower grade, and on the same day was appointed seii taishogun. I shall not write in detail about Sanetomo's steady rise in courtier offices, but he became minister of the right on the second day of the twelfth month of 1218 (he had previously been minister of the center and general of the left and continued to serve as general). On the twenty seventh day of the first month of 1219 (the era name was changed to Jokyu in the fourth month of this year), Sanetomo went in ceremonial procession to the Tsurugaoka Hachiman Shrine. As it happened, he never went up to the imperial capital, perhaps because of the inconvenience or discomfort of such a trip. Sanetomo substituted this visit to the Hachiman Shrine for actual attendance at court.<br>
157#3#0#0:0:0#After Sanetomo paid obeisance to the gods and was leaving the shrine, he was cut down and killed by the shrine intendant Kugyo. Sanetomo was twenty eight at the time of his death.<br>
157M#4#0#0:0:0#(There follows a lengthy list of the kuge and buke who were in attendance upon Sanetomo at the Hachiman Shrine.)<br>
158M#1#0#0:0:0#The deposed emperor\NOTENUM38:<br>	Personal name: Kanenari<br>	Oldest son of Juntoku<br>	Mother: Higashi Ichijo in, Fujiwara no Mitsuko,\NOTENUM39:<br>        daughter of the late regent (sessho) and great minister<br>        of the council of state, Yoshitsune<br>
159#1#2#0:0:0#From about the spring of 1221, senior retired emperor Gotoba became determined to overthrow the Hojo. Emperor Juntoku abruptly relinquished the throne, apparently with the intent of freeing himself to participate fully with his father in the coming conflict. Abdication was made to the new sovereign, but before the ceremonies of accession could be completed, the Kyoto forceswere defeated in battle and his majesty was transferred to the safety of the Kujo mansion of his uncle, the regent and great minister Michiie. The imperial regalia, however, were left behind in the Kan'in Palace.\NOTENUM40: Thus, even though he possessed the regalia for seventy seven days after Juntoku's abdication,\NOTENUM41: the new sovereign cannot be included among the legitimate line of imperial descendants from Amaterasu. His case may be likened to that of Empress Iitoyo.\NOTENUM42:<br>
159#2#0#0:0:0#Without undergoing the coming of age ceremony, this sovereign, now deposed, died at the age of seventeen.<br>
159#3#0#0:0:0#In reflecting upon the disturbance of the Jokyu era, one's mind is indeed apt to be bewildered about the course and meaning of events in this later age. One thing discernible is the beginning of a pattern of behavior whereby those who are socially inferior seek to prevail over their superiors.\NOTENUM43: It is essential, therefore, to assess the events of this time as carefully as possible. Minamoto no Yoritomo's achievements were beyond compare with anything since earliest times in history; yet we can understand why, as Yoritomo sought to gather all the power of the country into his own hands, the imperial family felt uneasy. It is even more understandable why, after Yoritomo's line came to an end and his widow (the nun Masako) and the rear vassal Yoshitoki took control of the country, Gotoba should wish to do away with the Bakufu and rule directly himself.<br>
159M#4#5#0:0:0#Since the age of Shirakawa and Toba, the ancient way of government had declined steadily,\NOTENUM44: and in Goshirakawa's timearmed rebellions occurred and treacherous subjects threw the country into disorder. The people of the land fell into almost total misery. Minamoto no Yoritomo restored order by his own force of arms; and although the imperial house was not returned to its former state, the fighting in the capital was quelled and the burdens of the people were eased. High and low were once again at peace, and people everywhere submitted to Yoritomo's virtue. Apparently it was because of this submission that no one rebelled against the Bakufu, even at the time of Sanetomo's assassination. How then could the Kyoto court expect so readily to overthrow the Bakufu, if it did not have an administration of merit equal to that of Kamakura? Let us suppose the Bakufu had been destroyed. If the people were not thereby made content, heaven would surely not assent to such a change in governance of the country. The sovereign's army chastises only those who have committed offenses, not the blameless.<br>
160#1#0#0:0:0#It was strictly by means of the royal directives of priestly retired emperor Goshirakawa that Yoritomo rose to high offices and received appointment as constable general of the country. One can scarcely say that he selfishly seized these offices for himself.<br>
160#2#0#0:0:0#After Yoritomo's death, Masako took charge of affairs at Kamakura, and later Yoshitoki wielded power for a long while. But since Masako and Yoshitoki did not go against the hopes of the people, they committed no transgressions as subjects "from below." We may indeed say that the attempt by Gotoba to overthrow the Kamakura Bakufu for insufficient reason was a transgression "from above."<br>
160#3#0#0:0:0#The Jokyu incident cannot be likened to a conflict in which enemies of the throne rise in rebellion and are victorious. Since the time for opposing the Kamakura regime had not yet arrived, heaven clearly would not permit Gotoba's action to succeed. Nevertheless, it is the greatest of offenses for social inferiors to exceed their superiors, and ultimately the day must come when all people submit to the imperial sway. Until that time it is essential to understand that the proper course for the court is to begin by establishing a truly virtuous government and asserting its royal authority. Only then can those subjects who do not submit be overthrown. And even at that point the state of order or disorderin the country must be carefully assessed and the final decision to take up arms or set them aside must be based not on personal desire but on the will of heaven (ten no mei) and the hopes of the people.<br>
160#4#0#0:0:0#Eventually the imperial succession did return to the direct line, and in the time of Gotoba's descendant, Godaigo, unity was restored to the country under direct imperial rule. Gotoba's wish was thus ultimately fulfilled. But how regrettable it is that even for a brief while the throne was visited with such misfortune.<br>
160#5#0#0:0:0#Emperor Gohorikawa<br>Eighty fifth reign<br>Personal name: Yutahito<br>Third son of Prince Morisada (later known as Takakura in),<br>     holder of the rank of the second order of<br>    imperial princes<br>Mother: Kita Shirakawa in, Fujiwara no Chinshi,<br>     daughter of the lay priest and middle counselor,<br>     Motoie<br>
160M#6#1#0:0:0#Prince Morisada was the third son of Emperor Takakura and was Gotoba's older brother by the same mother. He had been passed over by Goshirakawa in the selection for the throne, but after the Jokyu incident there was only his line, apart from Gotoba's own, to assume the imperial succession. Accordingly, Prince Morisada's son was elevated to the throne as Emperor Gohorikawa, and Morisada, who had already taken priestly vows, was made retired emperor and assumed administration of the court as in. Other cases of princes who were given imperial designations without having occupied the throne are Mommu's father, Prince Kusakabe, who was called Emperor Nagaoka; the Awaji sovereign's\NOTENUM45: father, Prince Toneri, who became known as Emperor Jinkyo; and Konin's father, Prince Shiki, who was desig nated Emperor Tawara. In addition, the deposed crown prince Sawara was proclaimed Emperor Sudo to mollify his vengeful spirit. An example of bestowal of the title in upon one who did not occupy the throne is that of Koichijo in.\NOTENUM46:<br>
161#1#0#0:0:0#Emperor Gohorikawa acceded to the throne in 1221 and changed the era name in the following year. He reigned over the country for eleven years and, upon abdication in favor of the crown prince, was in the usual manner given the honorary designation of retired emperor. Gohorikawa managed court government briefly as in, but died at the young age of twenty one.\NOTENUM47:<br>
161#2#0#0:0:0#Emperor Shijo<br>Eighty sixth reign<br>Personal name: Mitsuhito<br>Oldest son of Gohorikawa<br>Mother: Sohekimon in, Fujiwara no Sonshi, daughter<br>    of the regent and minister of the left,<br>    Michiie<br>Acceded to the throne in 1232 and, as was customary,<br>    changed the era name the next year<br>
161#3#0#0:0:0#Within a year of Emperor Shijo's succession to the throne, the senior retired sovereign, Gohorikawa, died and Shijo's father in-law, the great minister Michiie, took control of court administration, much in the manner of the Fujiwara regents of old. Since the shogun in Kamakura at this time was Yoritsune, Michiie's son, both civil and military authority appeared to be joined in his hands.<br>
161#4#2#0:0:0#Emperor Shijo reigned for ten years and then died suddenly at the age of twelve.<br>
161#5#0#0:0:0#Emperor Gosaga<br>	Eighty seventh reign; forty sixth generation<br>	Personal name: Kunihito<br>	Second son of Tsuchimikado<br>	Mother: the posthumously appointed empress dowager<br>		Minamoto no Michiko, daughter of the posthumously<br>		appointed minister of the left, Michimune, and<br>		granddaughter of the minister of the center,<br>		Michichika<br>
161M#6#0#0:0:0#Gosaga was two years old at the time of the Jokyu incident. He was related through both his father, Tsuchimikado, and his mother to the great minister Minamoto no Michichika's fourth son, Major Counselor Michikata; and it was under the tutelage of this minister that Gosaga was privately raised. But Michikata died when Gosaga was eighteen \NOTENUM48: and, since there was no one else to care for him, he was moved to the residence of his grandmother, Jomeimon in.<br>
162#1#0#0:0:0#Emperor Shijo died suddenly on the tenth day of the first month of 1242, when Gosaga was twenty two,\NOTENUM49: without leaving sons or brothers to succeed him. Although former emperor Juntoku was still in exile on Sado, many of his princely sons were in the capital. The regent and great minister Michiie, an in law of Juntoku, wished to have the succession go to the Juntoku line, with the thought that he would be able to control court affairs as he had under Emperor Shijo. But when Michiie appealed to Kamakura to have one of Juntoku's sons enthroned, Yoshitoki's son, Yasutoki, selected Gosaga instead. This was indeed an act in keeping both with heaven's will (tenmei) and with the principles (seiri) of direct transmission of the imperial succession. Former emperor Tsuchimikado, Juntoku's older brother and Gosaga's father, was known to have a gentle temperament and to be deeply filial, and it was indeed fitting that Yasutoki, acting as surrogate for the will (myoryo) of Amaterasu, should decide the succession as he did.<br>
162M#2#2##Yasutoki had an upright mind and conducted his administra  tion openly. He comforted the people and was not personally extravagant; he attended to the needs of the kuge and dispelled the anxieties of the estate holders.\NOTENUM50: Like dust vanishing before the wind, peace was brought to the land. It is said that the succession of tranquil years thereafter was solely the result of Yasutoki's efforts. Yet we have no examples in the histories of either China or Japan of rear vassals holding power for long. Even the family line of Minamoto no Yoritomo, who was overlord to the Hojo, lasted only two generations. It was most extraordinary that Yoshitoki, apparently thanks to some karma from a previous existence, established the unexpectedly enduring office of shogunal regent (shikken) and assumed military power in Kamakura. Certainly Yoshitoki possessed no exceptional ability or virtue, and quite likely it was because of his excessive pride over the power he had amassed that he died within two years after the Jokyu incident.\NOTENUM51: But Yoshitoki was succeeded by Yasutoki, who conducted government virtuously and codified strict laws. \NOTENUM52: Not only did he know his own place, Yasutoki admonished the other members of his family and the bushi class in general, so that there was none among them who coveted high office and rank. Later, when Hojo rule gradually declined and finally was destroyed, it was because the family's stock in heaven's fate ran out. The Hojo, however, had little to complain of, since the residue of Yasutoki's virtue had sustained their rule for as long as seven generations.\NOTENUM53:<br>
163#1#4#0:0:0#If Yoritomo and Yasutoki had not appeared during the disorder after the Hogen and Heiji disturbances, what would have become of the people of Japan? Those who are ignorant of the nature of things will mistakenly believe that, for no reason what ever, imperial authority declined and the military were victorious.<br>
163#2#0#0:0:0#As I have said several times, the imperial succession (amatsuhitsugi) will, in accordance with the mandate of Amaterasu, invariably return to the direct line (shoto), and it is incumbent upon those who occupy the throne to understand this fact. The gods have pledged to succor the people, and in this sense the people of the country all belong to the gods. Although the sovereign is sacred, heaven will not permit and the gods will not favor having one person happy while the people as a whole are caused to suffer. We can see, then, that the flourishing or failure of an imperial reign depends on whether the conduct of government is good or bad. How much more essential is it for the subject who serves the throne both to revere his sovereign and to treat the people compassionately; to bow down before heaven and walk softly on the earth; to look up at the shining of the sun and the moon and, being aware of the impurity of his own heart, to avoid exposing himself to that shining; and while observing the blessings of nature in the rain and dew, to reflect upon his own unfitness to receive such blessings.<br>	
163M#3#0#0:0:0#The rice we daily eat \NOTENUM54: is an imperial benefice, and the pure well water we drink each day is a blessing from the gods. If one is not aware of this but rather seeks only to satisfy his own cravings and, while forgetting the public good, places self interest first, he will not flourish long in this world. How much less likely is it that those who take charge of the great matters of state as ministers at court or who assume military powers over the country will fulfill their destinies if they do not follow the proper way (shoro) of government.<br>
164#1#0#0:0:0#As an example of proper government, we need only reflect upon Yasutoki's time in an earlier age. Although Yasutoki's descendants did not possess his spirit, they ruled at Kamakura in accordance with the strict laws he instituted. And even though they could not match his level of administration, they were able to maintain themselves for a number of generations.<br>
164#2#1#0:0:0#In other countries we find countless examples of strife and disorder and the absence of laws governing the ordering of theclasses; hence these countries are not fit to serve as models for us. In our country, on the other hand, the mandate of Amaterasu is manifest and the positions of those high and low in society are fixed; both good and evil are clearly repaid and the law of cause and effect (inga) prevails. For proof of these verities we need not delve into the ancient past, but can observe them in the vicissitudes of government in more recent times. We should study these vicissitudes and use them as mirrors (kankai) for the future.<br>
164#3#0#0:0:0#Emperor Gosaga's accession to the throne represented a return to the direct line of succession (shoro) and was preceded by many wondrous omens. In the province of Awa the emperor's father, Tsuchimikado, wrote a prayer to the gods and had it offered at the Iwashimizu Hachiman Shrine. It is moving to note how, after the former emperor's prayer was answered by his son's accession, he fulfilled the various pledges he had made to the gods. From Gosaga's time on, the imperial succession has gone solely to Tsuchimikado's descendants.<br>
164#4#0#0:0:0#Gosaga acceded to the throne in 1242 and changed the era name in the spring of 1243.<br>
164#5#0#0:0:0#Perhaps it was because of his great humility that Gosaga reigned for only four years and then abdicated in favor of the crown prince, even though the latter was still an infant. Gosaga. received the designation of retired emperor in the usual manner and administered the court for twenty six years as in, both before and after taking the tonsure. Gosaga's period of rule was the most tranquil since the time of Shirakawa and Toba. He died at fifty-three/.<br>
164#6#0#0:0:0#Emperor Gofukakusa<br>	Eighty eighth reign<br>	Personal name: Hisahito<br>	Second son of Gosaga<br>Mother: Omiya in, Fujiwara no Kitsushi, daughter of<br>   the great minister of the council of state, Saneuji Acceded to the throne at age four in 1246 and changed<br>                     the era name in 1247<br>
165#1#0#0:0:0#Emperor Gofukakusa reigned for thirteen years. Although he was the oldest son of Empress Kitsushi, he was sickly and, designating his younger brother by the same mother, Prince Tsunehito, as crown prince, abdicated to him. Gofukakusa received the honorary title of retired emperor in the usual manner. He briefly managed the court as in during the reign of Emperor Fushimi, but later took the tonsure and turned court administration over to Fushimi. Gofakakusa died at the age of fifty eight.\NOTENUM55:<br>
165#2#0#0:0:0#Emperor Kameyama<br>Eighty ninth reign; forty seventh generation<br>Personal name: Tsunehito<br>Younger brother of Gofukakusa by the same mother<br>Acceded to the throne in 1259 and changed the era name<br>   in 1260<br>
165#3#0#0:0:0#Gosaga evidently intended to have Kameyama's line inherit the emperorship, because when Kameyama's empress gave birth to a prince, Gosaga assumed responsibility for the child and soon made him crown prince. Gofukakusa (who was known at the time as shin'in or newly retired emperor) already had a child, but he was passed over in favor of Kameyama's son. (The crown prince, who became Emperor Gouda, was two years old; Gofukakusa's son, the later Emperor Fushimi, was four.)<br>
165#4#0#0:0:0#When Gosaga died, a dispute erupted between Gofukakusa and Kameyama over the succession, and the Bakufu sought the opinion of their mother, Omiya in. When she replied that Gosaga's true intent had been for Kameyama's line to receive the succession, the matter was considered closed and Kameyama assumed control of administration at court.<br>
165#5#1#0:0:0#Kameyama reigned for fifteen years, then abdicated in favorof the crown prince and received the title of retired emperor, as was customary. He controlled court affairs for another thirteen years as in, but after the political situation changed,\NOTENUM56: he took the tonsure. Kameyama died at the age of fifty seven.<br>
165#6#0#0:0:0#Emperor Gouda<br>	Ninetieth reign; forty eighth generation<br>	Personal name: Yohito<br>	Oldest son of Kameyama<br>	Mother: Empress Fujiwara no Kishi (later known as<br>		Kyogoku in), daughter of the minister of the left,<br>		Saneo<br>	Acceded to the throne in 1274 and changed the era name<br>		in 1275<br>
165M#7#4#0:0:0#The year 1276 was the second year of the Te yu period of the young Sung emperor of China.\NOTENUM57: It was in this year that the northern barbarian tribe which arose in Mongolia and called itself the state of Y&uuml;an destroyed the Sung.\NOTENUM58: (After the emergence of the state of Chin, the Sung had moved to Hangchow in the south east and had continued in existence there for another one hundred and fifty years. The Y&uuml;an, having risen in Mongolia, first destroyed the Chin. Then, passing over the Yangtze River, the Yuan attacked the Sung and finally, in this year, destroyed it.) In 1281 (Koan 4) the Mongol army assembled many ships and at tacked our country.\NOTENUM59: There was fierce fighting in Kyushu, butthe gods (shinmei), revealing their awesome authority (i) and manifesting their form, drove the invaders away. Thus a great wind suddenly arose and the several hundreds of thousands of enemy ships were all blown over and demolished. Although people speak of this as a degenerate later age (masse), the righteous power displayed by the gods (shinmei no itoku) at this time was truly beyond human comprehension. We can see in these events how unalterable is Amaterasu's mandate that the imperial line shall rule our country eternally.<br>
166#1#0#0:0:0#Emperor Gouda reigned for thirteen years, after which, against his wishes,\NOTENUM60: he was excluded from court government for more than ten years. But with the accession of his son, Gonijo, Gouda established his office of in;\NOTENUM61: and when his empress, Yugimon in, died, Gouda -apparently in an excess of grief -took the tonsure. With the former senior high priest Zenjo as his teacher, he followed the example of former emperors Uda and En'yu and received the Buddhist baptismal rites at Toji. It was indeed an extraordinary and noble thing to do. On the day of the rites, future emperor Godaigo, who was at the time Nakatsukasa prince, sat with the other princes and ministers. I can remember the scene as though it were today.<br>
166#2#0#0:0:0#After the death of Emperor Gonijo, Gouda became ever more weary of this world. Visiting the sites associated with former emperors Saga and Uda\NOTENUM62: deep in the Saga region at Daikakuji, he had a number of temple buildings constructed and undertook Buddhist practices there. When Godaigo became emperor, Gouda once again assumed responsibility for court administration as in, but within just three years he turned this administration over to Godaigo. Gouda was certainly one of the most illustrious rulers since the beginning of the middle age. In literature, for example, I can think of no other emperor after Gosanjo who rivaled him in ability.<br>
166M#3#3#0:0:0#In accordance with an injunction set down by Emperor Uda,it was considered sufficient for an emperor to receive his scholarly training entirely from such compilations as Ch'&uuml;n shu Chih yao.\NOTENUM63: It was felt, indeed, that inquiry into too many writings might obstruct the administration of court government. Still, the emperors Daigo, Murakami, Ichijo, and Gosanjo,\NOTENUM64: all of whom possessed great ability, investigated many fields of study and practice and were also exceedingly proficient in the way of government. That is why not only Daigo and Murakami but also Ichijo and Gosanjo have long been known as sage rulers. It is a fixed principle that, if a sovereign is not knowledgeable in the ancient wisdom of both China and Japan, he will also be unclear about the way of government and this will lead to a decline in imperial authority.<br>
167#1#0#0:0:0#Shu ching (The Book of History) sings the praises of Yao, Shun, and Y&uuml; and states that "They learned through study of the past."\NOTENUM65: While instructing Kao Tsung of the Shang dynasty, Fu Yueh said: "I have never heard of the case of a person who, without learning from ancient matters, has long maintained control of the world."\NOTENUM66: In the T'ang period Ch'iu Shih liang, who assumed power as a eunuch close to the throne, exceeded all others in wickedness. To the members of his clique he said: "Do not give any books to His Majesty. Let him distract himself with frivolous games and amusements. If he is given books and becomes versed in the way of governing, we will surely be lost."\NOTENUM67: Even in today's world there may be people with attitudes similar to those of Ch'iu.<br>
167#2#5#0:0:0#It may appear that Emperor Uda was being a bit restrictive in suggesting that a sovereign need only study Ch'&uuml;n shu Chih yao. Yet this book was compiled by the famous minister Wei Cheng at the express direction of T'ang T'ai Tsung, and in its fifty	 volumes contains the classics (ching), histories, and works of philosophers. The classics and three histories\NOTENUM68: are studied by the average person, but very few people consult the works of philosophers contained in this compendium. Some of the names of these philosophers are hardly known. Is it worthwhile, then, for an emperor, as he seeks to deal also with the myriad affairs of state, to study such writings? Probably there is no need for an emperor to learn classics not in Ch'&uuml;n shu Chih yao. In admonishing emperors not	 to study other works, Uda did not intend this to mean works other than Ch'&uuml;n shu Chih yao. Rather, he meant to advise that, beyond studying the classics and histories, there was no necessity for sovereigns to read the "other works" of the philosophers contained in Ch'&uuml;n shu Chih yao.<br>
167M#3#0#0:0:0#Uda appears to have been particularly catholic in his pursuit of learning, and even studied the profound way of Chou i (The Book of Changes) \NOTENUM69: under the scholar Chikanari.\NOTENUM70: It goes with out saying that Daigo, who was counseled by Sugawara no Michizane, was also deeply versed in scholarship. Even after Michizane's exile, the noted Confucianists Middle Counselor Ki no Haseo and Imperial Adviser Miyoshi no Kiyotsura remained at Daigo's court, and the way of letters flourished as in ancient times.<br>
168#1#0#0:0:0#Some people interpret Uda's injunction to mean "There is no need for an emperor to pursue scholarship very extensively," but this is absurd. An emperor should by all means study classical writings and ponder their meanings.<br>
168#2#4#0:0:0#Emperor Gouda did not have charge of court administration when he was on the throne, and for more than ten years as retired emperor he was also free of duties.\NOTENUM71: He therefore had much timefor scholarly pursuits and became broadly versed in the various ways of learning. Even after taking the tonsure, Gouda continued to pursue his studies assiduously.<br>
168#3#0#0:0:0#Among the retired sovereigns who took the tonsure are Shomu, Koken, Heisei, Seiwa, Uda, Suzaku, En'yu, Kazan, Gosanjo, Shirakawa, Toba, Sutoku, Goshirakawa, Gotoba, Gosaga, Gofukakusa,\NOTENUM72: and Kameyama. In addition, Daigo and Ichijo took holy vows after they became gravely ill. There have thus been many sovereigns who have retired to the religious life. Yet Gouda is truly exceptional among them in faithfully upholding the basic precepts of Buddhism, in probing deeply into the inner secrets of esotericism, and even in becoming an instructor of other priests as a great holy teacher (dai ajari). I may go so far as to suggest that the imperial restoration achieved by his son, Godaigo, was a result of Gouda's residual virtue.<br>
168#4#0#0:0:0#Gouda died at the age of fiftv eight in the sixth month of  1324, the last year of the Genko era.<br>
168#5#0#0:0:0#Emperor Fushimi<br>	Ninety first reign<br>	Personal name: Hirohito<br>	Oldest son of Gofukakusa<br>        Mother: Genkimon in, Fujiwara no Yasuko, daughter<br>             of the minister of the left, Saneo<br>
168#6#1#0:0:0#Because Emperor Gosaga had decided that the imperial succession should go to Kameyama's descendants, the line of Gofukakusa was in a quandary about what to do. Kameyama, apparently as an act of respect toward his older brother, Gofukakusa, adopted the latter's son, the future emperor Fushimi, and made him Gouda's crown prince. When decisions were later made by the Bakufu contrary to Gouda's wishes and against the fortunes of his line, Fushimi became emperor. Fushimi acceded to the throne in1287\NOTENUM73: and in the following year, 1288, changed the era name. His own son was even made crown prince.\NOTENUM74:<br>
169#1#0#0:0:0#Emperor Fushimi reigned for eleven years, then abdicated the throne to the crown prince and, in the usual manner, received the honorary designation of retired emperor. Fushimi administered court affairs as in, but before long the situation changed in favor of the Daikakuji branch.\NOTENUM75: Six years later, however, Fushimi again assumed charge of the court. The Kamakura authorities knew that the Kameyama line had been designated the direct successors to the throne. Yet, apparently becoming concerned around the time of Fushimi's reign about what the Daikakuji branch of the imperial family might be planning, they devised the system whereby the lines of Kameyama and Gofukakusa alternated on the throne.\NOTENUM76: Fushimi later took the tonsure. He died at the age of fifty. \NOTENUM77:<br>
Emperor Fushimi reigned for eleven years, then abdicated the throne to the crown prince and, in the usual manner, received the honorary designation of retired emperor. Fushimi administered court affairs as in, but before long the situation changed in favor of the Daikakuji branch.7(sup)5(sup) Six years later, however, Fushimi again assumed charge of the court. The Kamakura authorities knew that the Kameyama line had been designated the direct successors to the throne. Yet, apparently becoming concerned around the time of Fushimi's reign about what the Daikakuji branch of the imperial family might be planning, they devised the system whereby the lines of Kameyama and Gofukakusa alternated on the throne.7(sup)6(sup) Fushimi later took the tonsure. He died at the age of fifty. ##0#0:0:0#<br>
169#3#5#0:0:0#Emperor Gofushimi's real mother was ranking empress Fujiwara no Tsuneko, daughter of the lay priest and imperial adviser Tsu neuji. Gofushimi acceeded to the throne in 1298 and changed the era name the following year, 1299.<br>
169#4#0#0:0:0#Gofushimi reigned for three years, then abdicated under pressure from the Bakufu and received the honorary title of retired emperor in the customary manner. During the Showa era (1312 1316), Gofushimi took over administration of the court from his father, Fushimi. Although the emperor at that time was actually Gofushimi's younger brother,\NOTENUM78: he went through the ceremony of becoming Gofushimi's adopted son. When the country was thrown into disorder during the Genko era (1331 1333),\NOTENUM79: Gofushimi once again briefly took charge of the court. Even after the Kemmu Restoration, he continued to live in the capital, but took the tonsure and subsequently died at the age of forty nine.<br>
169#5#0#0:0:0#Emperor Gonijo<br>Ninety third reign<br>Personal name: Kuniharu<br>Second son of Gouda<br>Mother: Seikamon in, Minamoto no Motoko, daughter<br>    of the minister of the center, Tomomori<br>Acceded to the throne in 1301 and changed the era name<br>    in 1302<br>
169#6#0#0:0:0#Gonijo reigned for six years\NOTENUM80: and died at the young age of twenty four.<br>
169#7#4#0:0:0#[Emperor Hanazono ] \NOTENUM81:<br>Ninety fourth reignPersonal name: Tomihito<br>Third son of Fushimi<br>Mother: Kenshinmon in, Fujiwara no Sueko, daughter<br>     of the minister of the left, Saneo<br>Acceded to the throne in 1308 and changed the era<br>     name<br>
170#1#0#0:0:0#An uragaki says:<br>It was the ancient custom of China that a sovereign, having received the abdication of his predecessor, shall become emperor and, in the following year, shall accede to the throne. In our country, however, it has always been the practice for the accession to the throne (sokui) to be held in the same year as the succession (senso), and for the era name to be changed the next year. There have nevertheless also been cases when the change in era name has been made in the very first year of a reign, along with the succession and the accession to the throne. For example, Empress Gemmei abdicated in the ninth month of 715; Empress Gensho acceded to the throne on the same day and changed the era name to Reiki. In the second month of 724 Empress Gensho herself abdicated, and the same day Shomu acceded to the throne and changed the era name to Jinki. Shomu's abdication was in the fourth month \NOTENUM82: of 749, and his successor Koken, whose accession was in the seventh month of that same year, immediately changed the era name to Tempyo shoho. Empress Shotoku (the former Koken) died in the eighth month of 770; Konin acceded to the throne in the tenth month of the same year, and in the eleventh month changed the era name to Hoki .\NOTENUM83:<br>
170#2#2#0:0:0#Emperor Gonijo died in the eighth month of 1308, and the new sovereign acceded to the throne in the very same month. He changed the era name to Enkei in the tenth month of that year. There have also been cases when the era name has not been changed in either the first or second year of a reign. Thus, although he acceded to the throne in 748, the Awaji emperor [Junnin] did not institute a new era. And although he acceded to the throne in 887, Emperor Uda also did not change the era name in the customary manner during the second year. Instead, Uda waited until the third year of his reign, 889, before adopting the era designation of Kampyo. A similar case was that of EmperorShirakawa, who acceded to the throne in 1072 but waited until 1074 to adopt the era name of Joho.<br>
170#3#0#0:0:0#In the case of Gotoba, the era name was changed before accession: that is, Gotoba received the abdication in the eighth month of 1183, changed the era name to Genryaku in the fourth month of 1184, and acceded to the throne in the seventh month of that year. This was certainly not the usual procedure.<br>
170#4#0#0:0:0#The emperor's father, Fushimi, administered the court. But after he took the tonsure, Fushimi transferred administrative powers to the emperor's older brother, Gofushimi. When Fushimi died, the emperor did not hold formal mourning rites for him at court, apparently because the emperor had become the adopted son of his brother, Gofushimi. It was an unprecedented way to act.<br>
170#5#0#0:0:0#This emperor reigned for eleven years,\NOTENUM84: then abdicated and received the honorary designation of retired emperor in accordance with custom. After the Kemmu Restoration, he took the tonsure.<br>
170#6#0#0:0:0#Emperor Godaigo<br>	Ninety fifth reign; forty ninth generation<br>Personal name: Takaharu<br>Second son of Gouda<br>Mother: Dantenmon in, Fujiwara no Tadako, daughter<br>     of the minister of the center, Morotsugu (in reality,<br>the daughter of the lay priest and imperial adviser<br>Tadatsugu)<br>Raised by his grandfather, the retired emperor<br>   Kameyama<br>
171#1#1#0:0:0#In the Koan era (1287) rulership of the country was shifted from the Daikakuji branch to the Jimyoin branch of the imperial family, and Kameyama and Gouda were excluded from the conductof affairs at court. But the two retired emperors, making frequent appeals to Kamakura, apparently convinced Bakufu officials of the justness of their position.\NOTENUM85: For the Bakufu suddenly directed the Daikakuji branch to provide a crown prince for Emperor Fushimi. Kameyama thought that Prince Takaharu should be appointed and petitioned the Iwashimizu Hachiman Shrine on his behalf. But since there was no valid reason for passing over Gouda's oldest son, it was he, Prince Kuniharu (the later Emperor Gonijo), who was made heir apparent. Gouda also had great aspirations for Prince Takaharu. After the latter had undergone his coming of-age ceremony, Gouda, following Emperor Murakami's example, had him participate in the various functions and rituals at court as governor general of Dazaifu.\NOTENUM86: Later, Prince Takaharu also assumed the position of minister of central affairs.<br>
171#2#0#0:0:0#Gonijo died at an early age. In the midst of bereavement, his father, the retired emperor Gouda, placed all his hopes on Prince Takaharu. Presently, when it came time to decide on the next crown prince and sentiment arose favoring Gonijo's first son, Prince Kuniyoshi, Gouda asserted his own wishes and had Prince Takaharu appointed. The retired emperor decreed in writing that, "Since Prince Kuniyoshi is still quite young, it is best to have Prince Takaharu succeed to the throne first (with the understanding that Kuniyoshi will later follow him). Should Prince Kuniyoshi die prematurely, however, the succession will thereafter pass to Takaharu's descendants." He ostensibly did this because Kuniyoshi suffered from the illness of kakushitsu\NOTENUM87: and his future was uncertain.<br>
171M#3#3#0:0:0#Emperor Godaigo was a fitting successor to his father, Gouda, who was deeply interested in scholarship. Moreover, it was truly extraordinary how many other things this sovereign was also versed in. He was, for example, devoted to Buddhismand in particular to the Shingon sect. At first he studied Shingon with his father, but later he advanced to formal priestly sanction (koka) under the former senior high priest of Buddhism, Zenjo. There are examples of sovereigns in China who underwent the Buddhist baptismal (kanjo) rites, and in our country Emperor Seiwa received them in the palace under the direction of the great teacher Jikaku (Ennin). Seiwa underwent the rites of lay initiation and baptism (kechien kanjo) \NOTENUM88: and, in addition, others- including Fujiwara no Yoshifusa- also received them. It was expected that Godaigo would be given authorization of status as a master (jushoku kanjo),\NOTENUM89: but the decision was in fact made to advance him to final priestly sanction.<br>
172#1#0#0:0:0#Godaigo received instruction in various Shingon schools, but he did not neglect the other sects of Buddhism, gathering around him many priests, including even those of the Zen sect from both China and Japan. He surpassed all other emperors since the beginning of the middle age in knowledge of the ways of both China and Japan.<br>
172#2#0#0:0:0#Godaigo acceded to the throne in 1318 and in the fourth month of the summer of the next year, 1319, changed the era name to Gen'o. For a while after the succession, senior retired emperor Gouda conducted administration at court, but within two years he placed it in the hands of the new sovereign.\NOTENUM90: Following the example of an earlier age,\NOTENUM91: Godaigo opened a records office (kirokujo). Rising early in the morning and working until late at night, he attended to the cares of the people. The entire country looked expectantly to the court, and people high and low sang the praises of the emperor in an age that promised a return to the kind of benevolent imperial rule of old.<br>
172M#3#4#0:0:0#About this time Gouda died, and it soon became evident that the people in the service of the crown prince were behaving coolly toward the emperor. Finally, relations between Godaigo and thecrown prince reached the point where both began dispatching envoys to the Kanto to dispute the imperial succession.\NOTENUM92: In Kamakura there was a faction of people who favored the cause of the crown prince, and it was this that first aroused Godaigo's wrath and turned him to thoughts of overthrowing the Bakufu. The animosity between Kyoto and Kamakura finally flared into the open at the end of the ninth month of 1324 with the revelation of an anti Bakufu plot, but the plot was terminated before anything could be accomplished. \NOTENUM93: Not long thereafter the crown prince died a result of the fact, it would appear, that he had not only ignored the will (shinryo) of the great goddess Amaterau, but had also gone against the wishes of his grandfather, Gouda. Clearly Godaigo's line was in the direct line of imperial succession. Nevertheless Prince Kazuhito, the oldest son of Gofushimi, was selected to be the new crown prince.<br>
173#1#3#0:0:0#In reaction to this, Godaigo suddenly departed from the capital in the eighth month of 1331 and went to Nara. But Nara did not suit his purposes, and he established a temporary palace in the region of a mountain temple called Kasagi, where he sought to gather warriors sympathetic to his cause. In the ninth month, after several battles, a great army was assembled by the Bakufu and sent up from the Kanto to the central provinces. With the Kasagi position no longer defensible, Godaigo decided to move elsewhere. But on the way he was unexpectedly seized and taken to Rokuhara, where the Kamakura regime's administrative offices in Kyoto had been situated since the Jokyu incident of 1221. Of the senior officials and other courtiers who accompanied him, some were captured and others managed to escape.\NOTENUM94:<br>
173#2#0#0:0:0#The Bakufu now made Crown Prince Kazuhito emperor\NOTENUM95: and, in the spring of the following year, exiled Godaigo to the Oki Islands. Godaigo's sons were similarly exiled to one place or another.\NOTENUM96: But one among them, the minister of military affairs, Prince Moriyoshi,\NOTENUM97: remained free. Traveling through mountainous regions and from one province to another, he attempted to raise troops for his father's cause.<br>
173#3#0#0:0:0#In Kawachi Province there was a warrior named Kusunoki Masashige,\NOTENUM98: who was filled with loyalty for Emperor Godaigo. Establishing a fortification at Mount Kongo on the border between Kawachi and Yamato, he invaded and conquered the nearby provinces. The Bakufu dispatched an army from the Kanto that had been recruited from various eastern provinces and sent it against Mount Kongo, but Masashige's defense was stout and the Bakufu force was unable readily to reduce his position. Thus was the country plunged into disorder.<br>
173M#4#5#0:0:0#In the spring of the next year, 1333, Emperor Godaigo secretly boarded a ship and left the Oki Islands for Hoki Province. There was in this province a warrior named Nawa Nagatoshi,\NOTENUM99: who had gone over to the loyalist cause and had built a temporary palace at a mountain temple called Funanoue, where he now sheltered the emperor. For a while the warriors in that region contended against the loyalists and attacked Funanoue, but eventually all submitted to Godaigo. Meanwhile, in the region around the capital, loyalist warriors of the various provinces took every opportunity to raise forces and to step up the fighting. Since the conflict reached even to the capital, the retired emperors [Gofushimi and Hanazono] and the new emperor [Kogon] were moved to Rokuhara. An army was sent up from Hoki, and loyalist war riors from the Kinai and neighboring regions established a camp for it on Otokoyama.\NOTENUM100:<br>
174#1#0#0:0:0#Yuki Chikamitsu,\NOTENUM101: one of the warriors sent from the Kanto, joined the Otokoyama camp, and increasingly other warriors also flocked to the loyalist side. Among them was Ashikaga Takauji, \NOTENUM102: a descendant of Yoshikuni, the second son of Lord Minamoto no Yoshiie\NOTENUM103: of ancient times. Yoshikuni's grandson, Ashikaga Yoshiuji,\NOTENUM104: had been related on his mother's side to Lord Hojo Yoshitoki.\NOTENUM105: Hence, despite the fact that during Yoshitoki's time warriors of the Minamoto clan were generally held in check as a precaution against rebellion, Yoshiuji -as an in law of the Hojo- received favorable treatment and was even rewarded with many holdings in land. For generations thereafter the Hojo and Ashikaga families remained close.<br>
174#2#7#0:0:0#At the time he was sent up to the capital region to deal with the loyalists, Takauji, before setting out, wrote a pledge to dispel doubts about his own loyalty. But, ignoring the witness of the gods to this pledge, he changed allegiance and joined the loyalist side. With its strength thus greatly increased, the loyalist army on about the eighth day of the fifth month thoroughly destroyed the Bakufu forces in Kyoto. Remnants of the latter, escorting the two retired emperors and the new emperor, sought to withdraw to the east; but at Banba in Omi Province they were attacked by warriors who had thrown in their lots with the loyalists, and a great number of the Bakufu troops committed suicide without even entering into combat.\NOTENUM106: The two retired emperors and the new emperor, protected by the loyalist army, returned to Kyoto. Uponlearning that the country from Kyoto westward had been so readily pacified, Emperor Godaigo also returned to the capital. It was indeed an extraordinary event.<br>
174M#3#0#0:0:0#Meanwhile, in the east, there was a warrior of Kozuke Province named Nitta Yoshisada, who was of the same Minamoto clan as Ashikaga Takauji. Determined to seek his own fame by taking advantage of the fighting in the country, Yoshisada advanced on Kamakura with a small force. Warriors from the nearby provinces sensed that Hojo Takatoki was about to meet his fate, and flocked to Yoshisada's standard like wind flattening the grass before it. \NOTENUM107: With the suicides of Takatoki and many of his clansmen on the twenty second day of the fifth month, Kamakura was brought under loyalist control. Although there had been no prearranged strategy, the country from the provinces of Kyushu to the farthest reaches of Mutsu \NOTENUM108: and Dewa was thus pacified within a single month. The occurrence of such a simultaneous uprising over an expanse of some six to seven thousand ri was a wondrous thing and bespoke the twofold fact that the time had come for unification under the court and that the fortunes of the Bakufu had run out.<br>
175#1#2#0:0:0#Emperor Godaigo was unaware of these developments, but learned of them at Nishinomiya in Settsu Province. He arrived at Toji on the fourth day of the sixth month, and as the people of the capital flocked to him, he reasserted his imperial authority and solemnly proceeded to the palace. In presently deciding on rewards and punishments, the emperor dealt leniently with the two retired emperors and with the new emperor [Kogon], providing them with residences in the capital. However, since the new emperor had not been legitimately enthroned, he was not treated as a true sovereign. Moreover, the new emperor's change of era name to Shokyo was not recognized; instead, Godaigo's former designation of Genko was retained. Finally, all people promoted atcourt during the new emperor's period were reduced to the offices and ranks they had held in the eighth month of 1331.<br>
175#2#0#0:0:0#After the Heiji incident of 1159, the country had been disrupted for twenty six years by the Taira. Beginning in the Bunji era (1185 1189), Minamoto no Yoritomo and his sons asserted their power for thirty seven years; \NOTENUM109: and after the Jokyu incident of 1221, the Hojo of Yoshitoki ruled supreme for another 113 years. Throughout this period of more than 170 years, unified imperial rule of the country had ceased. Yet in the reign of Emperor Godaigo, the country was again reunited under the throne with greater ease than turning over one's hand. People every where exulted in the fact that, when the time has come, the divine purpose of the great goddess Amaterasu will be made known.<br>
175M#3#2#0:0:0#In the tenth month of the winter of the same year, 1333, the counselor and middle general of the right, Lord Kitabatake Akiie, was appointed governor of Michi no Oku\NOTENUM110: and dispatched to bring order to the region beyond the Kanto. Generations of Akiie's family had devoted themselves to Chinese and Japanese scholarship and had studied only the way of government in direct service to the court. Since Akiie knew nothing of provincial administration or the military arts, he repeatedly refused the appointment. But the emperor said, "The country is already united under the court, and no distinction should be made between the civil and the military. In ancient times many princes and other members of the imperial family, as well as descendants of the great courtier families, took command of armies. These same people must once again take up arms and become the bulwark of the court." The emperor himself wrote the motto on Akiie's banner and even provided him with various weapons. Since the practice of governors actually going out to take up their posts had long been in abeyance, Akiie consulted the ancient ways and went through the ritual of beseeching the emperor for permission to leave. Godaigo thereupon summoned Akiie into his presence, spoke personally to him, and bestowed upon him both robes and horses.<br>
176#1#0#0:0:0#Akiie requested and received the assignment of an imperial prince to assist him in bringing the northern region under control. But since the prince in question was His Imperial Majesty, Emperor Gomurakami, I will not go into detail about him here. When Akiie and the prince reached the northern region, the people of both provinces, Mutsu and Dewa, submitted to them.<br>
176#2#0#0:0:0#In the twelfth month of the same year the director of the bureau of horses, left division, Lord Ashikaga Tadayoshi, was appointed governor of Sagami. In the company of Prince Nariyoshi (great governor of Kozuke and holder of the fourth order), he departed from the capital for the east. Later, Prince Nariyoshi also briefly held the title of seii taishogun. (Tadayoshi was the younger brother of Takauji.)<br>
176M#3#0#0:0:0#Takauji's transfer of allegiance to the imperial side was certainly a meritorious act. But when the emperor, for whatever reason, favored him above others and bestowed excessive rewards upon him, Takauji appears to have believed he had accomplished something comparable to Lord Yoritomo's pacification of the country. Before long he was given a two rank promotion to the fourth rank and appointed captain of the military guards, left division; and even before the ceremony of congratulation was held he was advanced to the junior third rank and, almost immediately thereafter, to the junior second rank and the post of counselor. Takauji was also made governor and constable of three provinces\NOTENUM111: and was given many holdings in land. His younger brother, Tadayoshi, was appointed director of the bureau of horses, left division, and was advanced to the junior fourth rank.<br>
177#1#1#0:0:0#In an earlier time Minamoto no Yoritomo achieved incomparable merit as pacifier of the country. Yet it was improper policy for the government to promote him to high rank and office. The exhorbitant promotions given to Yoritomo may indeed have caused the early extinction of his family line. During the time of Yoritomo and Sanetomo, Takauji's ancestors, although membersof the Minamoto clan, were treated with no special favor. Rather, they were regarded as mere vassals of the shogun. For example, when Lord Sanetomo made his ceremonial visit (haiga) to the Hachiman Shrine,\NOTENUM112: the chieftain of the Ashikaga\NOTENUM113: was simply one among some twenty vassals who preceded him on foot. Supposing a descendant of Yoritomo should appear today; there would certainly be no reason to promote him to high office. Even less reason is there to advance the scion of a family that has for so long been simply retainers. I am told there were those who questioned why someone like Takauji, who achieved no great merit, should be so lavishly rewarded. It was certainly not the work of Takauji or any other mortal that the fate of Takatoki in the Kanto ran out or that Emperor Godaigo's fortune unfolded. The bushi as a class had, in fact, been enemies of the court for generations. It was surely reward enough for them that their families were spared by the emperor because they came over to the loyalist side. They should now serve the throne with unswerving loyalty, accumulate merit, and await the just rewards that will in the natural course of things come to them. Yet the bushi seem to think that this imperial restoration, which was a wondrous act of heaven, was something they alone accomplished. None seems to have learned from the example of Chieh Tzu t'ui.\NOTENUM114: Not only the Ashikaga, but bushi from other families as well have been given promotions and have even been permitted access to court. As some people have said, "Although it appeared that the country was returned to the kuge, it became in fact more than ever a world of the bushi."<br>
177#2#0#0:0:0#Although I have already discussed the way of rule several times, let me repeat that it is the decisive administration of the country based on honesty and compassion. This way is in accordance with teachings revealed by the great goddess Amaterasu.<br>
177M#3#3#0:0:0#In speaking of decisive administration, it must be made clearthat there are various aspects to such administration. First, there is the selection and appointment of people to the offices of central government. Once the ruler has appointed the proper people to these offices, he need interfere no further in their activities.\NOTENUM115: Above all else, this has been the basis for sound rule in both our country and China. A second aspect of the way of decisive administration is the assignment of people to provincial positions, which must be made on grounds of public merit and not as personal rewards. Third, it is essential that distinguished service be rewarded and that wrongdoing be punished. For this is how the ruler advances good and chastises evil. Should any of these aspects of decisive administration be mishandled, the results will be disordered rule.<br>
178#1#0#0:0:0#In the ancient age, regular ranks and offices were not given for meritorious service. Instead, a separate system of merit ranks, extending from one to twelve, was established. \NOTENUM116: People without regular ranks could rise by means of outstanding service to the first level of the merit ranking system and be treated as the equivalent of those who held the regular junior third rank, upper grade, or even the senior third rank, lower grade. It was also possible for persons who held regular ranks to acquire merit ranks as well.<br>
178#2#4#0:0:0#Within the regular system of ranks and offices, there are two types of offices: inner offices, ranging from the three highest ministerships (great ministerships) at court to the lowest functionary positions in the eight boards of the department of state; and outer offices, which extend from provincial governorships to the positions of scribe and district governor.\NOTENUM117: Of the many offices of government, some are patterned on the dictates of heaven and others are in accordance with conditions on earth, and it is wrong to appoint unqualified people to them. It is said that "titles and appurtenances of rank cannot be given on loan to people" \NOTENUM118: andthat "people hold offices on behalf of heaven." \NOTENUM119: Improper appointment to office by the lord is called byukyo (misfeasance) and improper acceptance of office by the subject is termed shiroku (misprision). Byukyo and shiroku signal the beginning of destruction of the state, and are the basis for ensuring that kingly rule will not long endure.<br>
178#3#0#0:0:0#At the beginning of the middle age, Fujiwara no Hidesato was appointed to the senior fourth rank, lower grade, and made governor of the two provinces of Musashi and Shimotsuke as a reward for his role in subjugating Taira no Masakado. Taira no Sadamori was appointed to the senior fifth rank, lower grade, and made commander of the chinjufu (headquarters for pacification of the north) for his participation in the same subjugation. Finally, Minamoto no Yoriyoshi, who quelled the uprising of Abe no Sadato after twelve years of fighting in Mutsu Dewa, was given the senior fourth rank, lower grade, and made the governor of Iyo Province on the day he returned triumphantly to the capital.\NOTENUM120: Although the achievements of these chieftains were great, their appointments to office were for periods of only four or five years.\NOTENUM121: Even so, the appointments themselves were at variance with the laws of the ancient period.<br>
178#4#3#0:0:0#For service in the Hogen incident, Minamoto no Yoshitomo was advanced to the position of director of the bureau of horses, left division, and Taira no Kiyomori to senior assistant governorgeneral of Dazaifu. Other participants in the affair were either made provincial governors (zuryo) or assigned to the office of the imperial police. The disordering of ranks and offices had clearly begun.<br>
178M#5#0#0:0:0#After the Heiji incident, imperial authority declined precipitously. Kiyomori unlawfully seized power in the land and rose to the position of great minister of the council of state, while his sons became great ministers of state and generals. But there is no need to comment further upon this. Because the Taira of Kiyomori became enemies of the court and were destroyed, they could not serve as examples for later ages. Minamoto no Yoritomo, on the other hand, quelled the Taira rebellion with his own might and dispelled more than twenty years of imperial discontent. This was an achievement beyond compare since the age of Jimmu in most ancient times, when Umashimami no mikoto pacified the central provinces, and since Nakatomi no Kamatari in the reign of Empress Kogyoku overthrew the Soga clan.<br>
179#1#0#0:0:0#When Yoritomo went up to the imperial capital, he resolutely refused appointment as major counselor and general; but, after having the titles pressed upon him again and again, he accepted. This was indeed disastrous, both publicly for the court and privately for Yoritomo. Yoritomo's sons succeeded him and became great ministers and generals, but in the end the family came to ruin, for there was none to succeed the sons in their turn. Clearly this Minamoto family of Yoritomo had gone against the will of heaven. And because the emperor set such an unfortunate example in bestowing high courtier ranks and offices on military chieftains, even warriors who had achieved nothing whatever of merit came to think that they should be given comparable status and position.<br>
179#2#1#0:0:0#Although Yoritomo himself accepted these honors, he sternly prohibited his brothers or other members of his family from also doing so. Yoshitsune rose only as high as the fifth rank in the office of the imperial police, and Noriyori became no more than the governor of Mikawa Province. And when Yoritomo visited the palace of the in to offer his felicitations,\NOTENUM122: Noriyori was obliged to join other vassals in forming the vanguard of his retinue. Perhaps Yoritomo discerned the seeds of overbearing pride in these brothers and for this reason eventually had them killed. In addition to Yoshitsune and Noriyori, many other Minamoto were destroyed by Yoritomo, who was evidently determined to preventthe spread of prideful ways, to perpetuate the Bakufu's rule, and to bring peace to his own house.<br>
179M#3#0#0:0:0#The progenitor of the Seiwa Genji, Tsunemoto, was the grandson of an emperor,\NOTENUM123: yet he participated in the campaign against Taira no Masakado,\NOTENUM124: as second in command under the shogun for pacification of the east, \NOTENUM125: Fujiwara no Tadafun. Thereafter the Seiwa Genji became a military clan, and for many years, from the time of Tsunemoto's son Manju up through the generations of Yorinobu, Yoriyoshi, and Yoshiie, members of this clan successively served as defenders of the court. Above, the court asserted its authority; below, the Minamoto -never reaching beyond their station in life- consolidated their house. But Tameyoshi in his generation joined the losing side in the Hogen incident and was executed; and his son Yoshitomo, yearning to achieve merit, perished in the aftermath of the Heiji incident. There can be no doubt that these men went against the will of their ancestors.<br>
180#1#5#0:0:0#The way of the wise man is to be aware of the examples of people in the past, reflect upon the merits and shortcomings of their behavior, and thereby to advance himself and fulfill the destiny of his house. The ignorant person will look upon the advancements of Kiyomori and Yoritomo to high court ranks and offices as entirely fitting. He will also applaud the rebellious behavior of Tameyoshi and Yoshitomo and ignore the reasons for their ruin. In recent times, during the reign of Emperor Fushimi, a man named Minamoto no Tameyori forced his way into the palace and killed himself. \NOTENUM126: On arrows he had previously presented to various shrines\NOTENUM127: and on the arrows he shot that night, Ta meyori identified himself as the great minister of the council of state. People at the time spoke of this as mere foolishness, but we can also discern in Tameyori a mind sorely confused about proper status and station in life.<br>
180#2#0#0:0:0#Yoshitoki and other members of the Hojo family could well have sought high ranks and offices. Yet Yoshitoki himself was content with the senior fourth rank, lower grade, \NOTENUM128: and with the office of provisional master of the right division of the capital. Moreover, because Yasutoki in his day apparently admonished his posterity so forcefully against it, the Hojo -up to the very time of their destruction- never rose to high court positions and thus never disrupted the propriety between those above and those below. More recently, there has been questioning of the fact that a man named Koresada\NOTENUM129: was recommended for and appointed to the office of master of palace repairs; and indeed, before long he died. Going against the laws of one's ancestors is a portent of the downfall of a house.<br>
180#3#0#0:0:0#Although people may forget the past and its lessons, heaven never loses sight of the right way. Yet if this is so, one may ask why it is that heaven does not always seem to order rightly the lives of people or of the times. The answer is that each person is enmeshed in his own fate, and the disorders of a particular time are the result of temporary misfortune. Though the way of heaven (tendo) and the will of the gods (shinmei) may sometimes appear to be powerless, the wicked will not last long but will perish, and the disordered world will ultimately be set right. This is the principle of things, now as in ancient times. And the way to comprehend this principle fully is through study.<br>
180M#4#3#0:0:0#In early times, when people were selected for offices, virtuous conduct was the first criterion applied. If the candidates were alike in this regard, then they were judged by ability. And if they were equal in ability, selection was made on the basis of seniority of service. It appears that the four principal qualities sought in candidates for office were virtue, probity, impartiality, and diligence. It is said in the later law codes\NOTENUM130: that "Although a menialin the morning, one can become a minister of state in the evening. "\NOTENUM131: In other words, promotions were based on virtuous conduct and ability, regardless of social origins. And indeed, up until the Kanko era (1004 1011), there were people who attained the positions of general and counselor through ability alone and without concern for family backgrounds. But since Kanko, appointments have been made largely to members of hereditary ministerial families, although it is true that, among the members of these families, those who possess ability and virtue have been the ones actually selected for offices.<br>
181#1#0#0:0:0#To protect against disorder in this later age, it was decided that "For appointment to counselor, a person must have served as governor of seven provinces and have received documents signifying successful completion of his tours of duty."\NOTENUM132: In regard to this requirement, there is the story of a man in the time of Shirakawa named Master of Palace Repairs Akisue, who was the husband of the in's wetnurse and who exceeded all others in influence. Citing his record of service, he asked to be appointed counselor. But the in rejected the request, saying that his decision had to do with Akisue's "skills in writing." Akisue bowed to the in's stated reason and withdrew his request. He was a man celebrated for his poetry \NOTENUM133: and was not without the capacity to compose letters. Moreover, he possessed the general qualifications to become tan imperial adviser.\NOTENUM134: Perhaps the in alluded to the fact that Akisue was deficient in Chinese and Japanese scholarship.<br>
181M#2#4#0:0:0#We can see how much care was given to the selection of people for offices up until Shirakawa's time. Even so, because of indications that hereditary and family criteria were coming to be stressed over talent, there were people who lamented that the age was not the equal of ancient times. Yet to have adhered to the oldways of appointment solely on merit would have caused even greater disorder, and it is understandable that hereditary rights were thus stressed. On the other hand, it would still be appropriate even today, if a person possessed irreproachable ability and virtue, to appoint him to office without family credentials. The problem arises when these standards of ability and virtue are not maintained, and appointments to high office are made to the hereditary rear vassals of buke simply as reward for specific acts of merit in battle. Such appointments not only bring disorder to court administration, but are also detrimental to the appointees themselves.<br>
182#1#0#0:0:0#In China, Emperor Kao Tsu of the Han rashly bestowed much fiefland on meritorious officials and even gave them the ranks of duke (kung) and minister of state (hsiang). As a result, these officials gave themselves over to extravagance and ultimately came to ruin. In the end, there were no meritorious officials left. Reflecting on this example from the past, Emperor Kuang Wu of the Later Han, in making his grants of fieflands and offices to meritorious officials, gave no more than four districts (hsien) to Teng Yu, his most deserving supporter. Moreover, Kuang Wu passed over the military and instead sought civil officials for appointment to offices. The result was that the meritorious achievements of the families of his twenty eight generals were not dissipated and the families themselves were perpetuated for many generations. At the same time, of the many officials engaged at Kuang Wu's court, none was accused of improper con duct. Two of the twenty eight generals, Teng Y&uuml; and Chia Fu, were in fact selected to be officials and serve as proof of how exceptional it was even at the Han court of long ago for people to possess ability in both the civil and military arts.<br>
182#2#0#0:0:0#Turning from ranks and offices to the subject of merit lands in our country, we can observe that in ancient times the four classifications of great, upper, middle, and lower (dai, jo, chu, and ge) were established for the purpose of distributing lands in accordance with merit. The number of generations that lands could be held was also fixed. Lands given for the greatest merit were to be retained in perpetuity. For the other classifications, they were be stowed variously for three generations, two generations, or sim ply for the lifetime of the recipient. Good rulership of the country lay in preventing people from arrogating provincial and district lands to themselves and in checking the unwarranted establishment of tax free status for lands.<br>
182#3#0#0:0:0#Governors were appointed to provinces and district governors to districts, and since all matters within each province were under the authority of the governor, there were none among the people who went against the law. Moreover, because the records of provincial governors were examined and rewards and punishments made, the affairs of the country were handled as easily as pointing to the palm of one's hand.<br>
182#4#0#0:0:0#Included among merit lands were sustenance households (mifu) given to temples and shrines, as well as to princes and great ministers.<br>
182M#5#0#0:0:0#In addition to merit lands, rank\NOTENUM135: and office lands were also granted. But these were all certified by governmental directive (kanpu); and since their holders were allowed only a specified portion of the tax revenue, administration of these lands remained in the hands of the provincial governors. Only the highest classification of merit lands enjoyed immunity from official control. Like the estates (shoen) of the present day, the latter were transmitted within the same families from generation to generation. But since the beginning of the middle age a great many estates have been established. As a result of their immunity from official control, the country has inevitably fallen into chaos.<br>
183#1#2#0:0:0#The laws concerning landholding seem to have been strictly enforced in the ancient age. During Suiko's reign, for example, when the o-omi, Soga no Umako, asked that he be allowed to "divide up my sustenance household lands (fuko) and commend a portion to temples," his request was denied.\NOTENUM136: And Emperor Konin decreed that, in regard to land permanently commended to temples and shrines, "the character 'permanently' shall mean 'limited tothis reign.'" \NOTENUM137: Gosanjo in his reign sought to deal with the unauthorized founding of estates by opening the records office, which called for documents of confirmation from the holders of estates and public lands (koden) throughout the provinces. As a result of the work of the records office, many of these estate lands were eventually abolished. Yet during the time of Shirakawa and Toba there was a great increase in new estates, and the range of authority of the provincial governors became a bare one hundredth of what it had been. Thereafter the provincial governors did not even go out to take up their posts, but instead sent unqualified deputies to administer the provinces to which they had been assigned. How could the country have failed to become disordered? Moreover, after the appointment of constables to provinces and stewards to estates and other private holdings (goho) at the beginning of the Bunji era (1185 1189), the traditional manner of government was even more severely altered. In fact, imperial rule over the provinces was entirely severed.<br>
183M#2#1#0:0:0#Then, with the advent of Emperor Godaigo, government of the country was unexpectedly returned to the court, and it was thought that this would provide the opportunity to rectify the accumulated evils of many years. But perhaps the expectations for such rectification were too great. Now, even the holdings of estate patrons (honjo) are being improperly included in the pool of lands used to reward meritorious warriors. As a result, great hereditary families have been reduced to mere entities with empty titles. Warriors, inflated by their own achievements, flout the will of their superiors, and imperial authority seems to be rendered ever more ineffectual. In order to attract as allies chieftains who, although they have performed no meritorious service, have long possessed vast power, it has become necessary, on the one hand, to confirm their possession of lands they claim have belonged to their families for generations and, on the other hand, to grant them new lands in proximity to their existing holdings. One hears that they are not content with receiving tracts confiscated from others, but vie also for public lands attached to the offices of provincial and district governors as well as the hereditary holdingsof the imperial family and courtier houses. just when it appears that the country is being brought under control again, it is thrown once more into turmoil; and just when it seems that peace is at hand, the crises become greater. How lamentable are these vicissitudes of the later age.<br>
184#1#0#0:0:0#It is the duty of the subject, born in this imperial land, to be loyal to his sovereign even to the point of sacrificing his life; he must not expect fame and reward for such loyalty. The function of comforting and rewarding the survivors of those killed in battle and of encouraging their descendants belongs to the sovereign. It is totally improper for there to be competition below for reward on the part of the sovereign's subjects. Even worse are the excessive desires for reward of those who have performed no meaningful service at all. Such people cause great distrust of themselves. Yet how difficult it apparently is to heed the injunction to learn from the pitfalls of those who have gone before.\NOTENUM138:<br>
184#2#0#0:0:0#Up until the middle age, subjects were admonished against seeking excessive power, for such power is inevitably accompanied by extravagance and will lead both to personal destruction and to the oblivion of one's house. Examples from the past point to the value of this kind of admonition. It was during the time of the retired emperor Toba, I believe, that edicts were repeatedly issued prohibiting warriors in the provinces from attaching themselves to either the Taira or Minamoto clans. These two clans had long served the court in a military capacity; in times of need, imperial decrees were used to recruit troops from among their ranks in the provinces. Yet these edicts of prohibition became necessary because, in recent years, there had been a considerable increase in the number of men who had joined both the Taira and the Minamoto in a private vassalage relationship. Eventually this became the cause for the disordering of the country but there is nothing to be gained by talking further about the subject here.<br>
184M#3#1#0:0:0#These days a popular saying has it that if a warrior should enter into a single battle or suffer the loss of a vassal he willdemand that "My reward should be all of Japan; half the country will not be enough!" Of course, no one is really apt to make such an absurd demand, yet the saying itself is a first step toward disorder and is also an index to the weakening of imperial authority. It is said that "words are the most valuable tool of the superior man (kunshi). " \NOTENUM139: One should not, even in jest, belittle one's lord or speak arrogantly to others. As I have said before, the formation of solid ice begins when we first tread on frost. Similarly, rebels and brigands get started in their evil ways through failure to be careful in thought and words. The decline of conditions in the world cannot be found in variations in the shining of the sun and the moon nor in changes in the coloring of plants and trees. The conditions of the later age arise from the gradual nurturing of evil within people's hearts.<br>
185#1#0#0:0:0#Long ago, in China, Hs&uuml; Yu heard that Emperor Yao in tended to transfer rulership of the country to him, and he there upon cleansed his ears in the Ying River.\NOTENUM140: Ch'ao Fu, learning of this, insisted that the water of the Ying River was filthy and refused even to cross it. These men did not have unusual capabilities, but rather were superior in having developed their thinking to a high degree of purity. It is fearful when one thinks about the types of minds people are likely to have in the future. Why don't those who take such immense pride in their rewards reflect upon the resentment of the myriad other people who are not rewarded? The emperor is the sovereign of all the people, and he must try to calculate how to divide up as rewards a limited quantity of lands among an unlimited number of claimants seeking them.<br>
185M#2#2#0:0:0#Should there be people who each wish a province as reward, the country could be given away to only sixty six; or if there are those who each want a district as reward, then since Japan consists of 594 districts- 594 people could be made happy at the ex pense of tens of thousands of others who would be disgruntled. As an even more extreme example, supposing someone should want half of Japan or even the entire country then what part of the land would the emperor himself administer? When such thinking springs up in the mind or is shamelessly expressed in words, this is surely the beginning of rebelliousness. The example may be noted in ancient times of Taira no Masakado, who climbed Mount Hiei, surveyed the capital from afar, and schemed rebellion. People in that past age had correct minds, and they learned from what they saw and heard about Masakado. But the minds of people today are no longer like that, and the decline of conditions in the world therefore seems inevitable.<br>
186#1#0#0:0:0#Emperor Kao Tsu of the Han dynasty took control of the country through the efforts of Hsiao Ho, Chang Liang, and Han Hsin. Because they exceeded all others in excellence, they were known as the three "men of excellence." Of them, Chang Liang served as military commander for Kao Tsu, who said that "Only he can plan strategy at headquarters and thus determine victory at a distance of a thousand li." \NOTENUM141: Yet Chang Liang had no grand ambitions and was content to be enfeoffed in the small territory, which he requested, known as Liu. And while ministers who received greater rewards came to ruin one after another, Chang Liang remained secure in life.<br>
186#2#2#0:0:0#For a more recent example of an unselfish minister, let me return to the Bunji era (1185 1189) in Yoritomo's time. When the Minamoto chieftain himself led a campaign of subjugation against Fujiwara no Yasuhira in Mutsu,\NOTENUM142: Taira no Shigetada performed with distinction in the van of Yoritomo's army. As a result, Shigetada was offered his choice of reward from among any of the fifty four districts of Mutsu. Yet Shigetada selected and was granted an exceedingly small district called Nagaoka. It appears that he did this to allow as wide a distribution as possible ofrewards to other deserving people. Shigetada was indeed a wise man.<br>
186#3#0#0:0:0#In a decree granting a holding to a man named Kumagai Naozane, Yoritomo wrote: "You are the leading warrior of Japan." Later, this decree was brought to the attention of an emperor and was praised by the people telling him about it as a splendid example of how, in adding extravagant words of praise to the granting of a small holding, Yoritomo had truly demonstrated his esteem for honor and his disregard for profit. It would be interesting to know precisely why Yoritomo praised Naozane in this manner.<br>
186M#4#0#0:0:0#Today there are none who think anything at all like Shigetada and Yoritomo. Instead, there are only people who, in all matters, disdain their lords and trum et their own merits. Not only have the ways of the Kanto bushi of Yoritomo's time changed; the kuge also no longer behave as they once did. There are those who for this reason grieve over what the world is coming to. Nevertheless, for a while during Emperor Godaigo's restoration, there truly appeared to be unity once again under the court. Everyone flocked to the capital, and Kyoto flourished.<br>
187#1#2#0:0:0#In the autumn of 1335 remnant forces of the defeated Hojo Takatoki rose up and attacked Kamakura,\NOTENUM143: and Ashikaga Tadayoshi, escorting Prince Nariyoshi, fled to Mikawa Province. As a result of earlier events, Prince Moriyoshi, the minister of military affairs, had been incarcerated in Kamakura.\NOTENUM144:  But rather than take him along, Tadayoshi took this opportunity to have Moriyoshi put to death. Thus, even in the midst of turmoil the Ashikaga vented a long standing grudge. Meanwhile, in the capital , the provisional major counselor, Lord Saionji Kinmune, who had sometime before been arrested on suspicion of plotting against the court, was also executed because of this disturbance. The Saionji family of Kinmune had, for seven generations after the time of the Jokyu incident, been courtier allies of the Kamakura regime. Since the Hojo of Takatoki also came to ruin in the seventh generation,\NOTENUM145: it would appear that the two families were bound together by the same inevitability of fate.<br>
187#2#0#0:0:0#Ever since the termination of capital punishment in the Konin era (810 823), there had been no executions,\NOTENUM146: with the sole exception of the extraordinary killing of Fujiwara no Nobuyori after the Heiji incident. The Saionji had long intermarried with the imperial family and had held the office of major counselor and higher. It was therefore surely an error on the part of those who took possession of Kinmune and carried out the execution to have acted in contravention of the special provisions of the law concerning capital punishment for people of the status of the Saionji.<br>
187M#3#0#0:0:0#Takauji requested permission from the court and set out for the east. But he was flatly denied his wish to be appointed seii-taishogun and so tsuibushi of the provinces and was instead given the title of seito shogun. Before long the Kanto was pacified, but it was rumored that Takauji, having been refused what he desired, had risen in rebellion. And sometime about the tenth day of the eleventh month, the capital was thrown into turmoil when Takauji, petitioning the throne for authority to subjugate Nitta Yoshisada, dispatched an attacking force westward. To counter Takauji, the court sent an army commanded by the minister of central affairs, Prince Takayoshi, and including many ranking courtiers.A number of buke, led by Nitta Yoshisada, were also attached to the army. But in the twelfth month this imperial army withdrew. \NOTENUM147:<br>
188#1#3#0:0:0#Various fortifications were strengthened for the defense of Kyoto, but on the tenth day of the first month in the spring of the following year, the imperial army was again vanquished and the rebels approached, the capital. The emperor thereupon withdrew to Higashi Sakamoto at the foot of Mount Mei and established himself at the He Shrine. About this time the palace was demolished by fire, and many priceless treasures passed down through the generations were destroyed. This was a rebellion unprecedented since ancient times.<br>
188#2#0#0:0:0#Meanwhile Lord Akiie, the governor of Mutsu and general for pacification of the north, learned of the fighting. In the company of Prince Noriyoshi, he set out for the capital region in command of an army of Mutsu and Dewa soldiers. Reaching Omi Province on the thirteenth day of the same month, Akiie reported to the emperor; on the fourteenth, he crossed Lake Biwa to Sakamoto. The imperial force was thus vastly increased and the cry of "Banzai!" \NOTENUM148: was heard even among the priests of Enryakuji. Fighting began on the sixteenth day of the same month, and by the thirtieth the rebel army had finally been defeated. That very night His Majesty returned to Kyoto. When it was learned that Takauji was still in Settsu Province, several commanders were dispatched against him; and on the thirteenth day of the second month, he was once again subdued. The rebels thereupon boarded boats and fled to the western provinces.<br>
188#3#0#0:0:0#The imperial army and its commanders gradually began their return to Kyoto. But since conditions in the eastern provinces were still uncertain, the emperor ordered Prince Noriyoshi to return to Mutsu and directed Lord Akiie to resume his post as general for pacification of the north. Yoshisada was sent to Kyushu.<br>
188#4#0#0:0:0#Before his departure, Prince Noriyoshi was given his coming of age ceremony and immediately appointed to the third order and made great governor of Mutsu. Although an imperial prince had never been placed at the head of this province, the expediencies of the time dictated such an appointment.\NOTENUM149: Prince Noriyoshi was given his rank, which exceeded that of the fourth order held by Nariyoshi, his older brother by the same mother, as a reward for distinguished service. Lord Akiie, for his part, purposely declined reward.<br>
188M#5#3#0:0:0#Nitta Yoshisada set out for Kyushu. But upon learning that there were remnant forces of the rebels in Harima Province, \NOTENUM150: he paused to deal with them. While Yoshisada thus delayed in hispursuit of the Ashikaga, the fifth month arrived. Takauji, having gathered outlaw troops in the western provinces, once again set out to attack the capital region. The defending imperial forces were defeated and withdrew to Kyoto, and on the twenty seventh the emperor again sought refuge on Mount Hiei. The fighting continued on and off until the eighth month, but the imperial army could make no headway. In the capital, the younger brother of the illegitimate sovereign of the Genko period (1331 1333), the third prince, Yutahito, was installed as emperor. \NOTENUM151: And about the tenth day of the tenth month Emperor Godaigo returned to the capital. It was a piteous thing, yet even then Godaigo was planning his future course. In accordance with this plan, Crown Prince Tsuneyoshi departed for the northern provinces, accompanied by the captain of the outer palace guards, left division, Lord Saneyo, and other kuge and by Nitta Yoshisada and a number of military commanders.<br>	
189#1#0#0:0:0#Godaigo was given the designation of retired sovereign and, perhaps to assuage his feelings, Prince Nariyoshi was made heir apparent to the throne. But in the twelfth month of the same year Godaigo secretly departed from Kyoto. Summoning forth the family of Masashige from Kawachi Province, he made his way to Yoshino and there established a temporary palace. Resuming his imperial rank, he had both the sacred mirror and the jewels placed in his personal keeping. Was this not indeed a wondrous thing? Even before the emperor moved to Yoshino, men had come forth he arrived there still more stalwarts are said to have rallied to him. Nevertheless, the next year also ended with little change in the country"s condition.<br>	
189M#2#1#0:0:0#In the second month of the spring of 1338 Akiie, accompanying Prince Noriyoshi, once again marched up to the capital region. After pacifying the provinces of the Tokaido, he passed through Ise and Iga, entered Yamato, and arrived at the former capital of Nara. Thereafter Akiie fought many battles here and there, sometimes gaining victory and sometimes suffering defeat. Then, in an encounter in Izumi Province in the fifth month of the same year, fate went against him, and his life of loyalty and filial piety came to an end. Now, even his bones have vanished under the moss; his name alone remains as an empty reminder of the infinite sadness of this world.<br>
190#1#0#0:0:0#The imperial army once again mustered its determination. Establishing a camp at the Iwashimizu Hachiman Shrine at Otokoyama, it continued the fighting. But in a surprise attack the rebels burned down the shrine, and the loyalists were obliged to withdraw with nothing to show for their efforts. Yoshisada, who was in the northern provinces, was called upon time and again to return to the capital region, but was unable to do so. The plans for the north were not working out; and when it was learned that Yoshisada himself had died in battle, words were inadequate to express our sorrow.<br>
190#2#0#0:0:0#But things could not be abandoned just because of this, and it was	decided to send Prince Noriyoshi, the great governor of Mutsu, still another time to the eastern provinces. At the same time the imperial forces in the east were placed entirely under the, command of Lord Kitabatake Akinobu,\NOTENUM152: who was promoted from minor captain of the left to middle captain and was given the junior third rank and simultaneously made vice governor of Mutsu and chinjufu general. Emperor Godaigo at this time designated Noriyoshi as crown prince, but instructed him: "Since it might be dangerous if this designation became known while you are traveling, wait and make it public after you arrive at your destination." Prince Noriyoshi had many older brothers by different mothers in addition to the former crown Prince Tsuneyoshi and Prince Nariyoshi by the same mother. That he was now appointed to succeed to the throne was a wondrous manifestation of the will of heaven (tenmei).<br>
190#3#1#0:0:0#At the end of the seventh month, Prince Noriyoshi and his party went to Ise, where the prince reported to the gods on his mission and preparations were made to set sail. We cast anchor at the beginning of the ninth month. Sometime about the tenth day of the month, near the coast of Kazusa, the sky became ominous looking and the sea rough. Drifting to the tip of Izu Peninsula, wewere buffeted by enormous waves, and many of our boats were lost. Yet the vessel carrying the prince, with Akinobu also aboard, was borne safely back to the Bay of Ise.<br>
190M#4#0#0:0:0#Although caught in the same storm, the boat that I was on was blown eastward to the bay of HitachiProvince. It was surely an extraordinary sign of providence in this later age that, in the midst of such a storm, two boats should be tossed by the same wind to the east and west. I had wondered how appropriate it was for one designated crown prince to take the unprecedented step of residing in the provinces, and the sun goddess of Ise now precluded him from doing so. Thus Prince Noriyoshi returned to Yoshino in time to succeed to the throne in the presence of his father, Emperor Godaigo. It was truly a marvelous occurrence.<br>
191#1#0#0:0:0#On the other hand, since it had been intended from the outset that my boat should go to Hitachi, I set about planning with the warriors I found there how to strengthen the imperial forces. And in the spring of the next year the governors of Mutsu and Shimotsuke Provinces came down from the capital and took up their posts.<br>
191#2#0#0:0:0#In the winter of 1338, in the old capital of Kyoto, the era name was changed to Ryakuo. But since at the court of Yoshino the era designation of Engen was retained, the provinces came to use whichever they wished. Although this sort of thing was common in China, it had never occurred before in Japan. This is the fourth year since removal of the court to Yoshino in the province of Yamato with its ancient imperial associations. Inasmuch as the sacred mirror and jewels are at Yoshino, how can it be regarded as other than the imperial capital?<br>
191#3#1#0:0:0#Sometime about the sixteenth day of the eighth month, I learned, Emperor Godaigo became ill and died. I realized there was nothing unusual about this in a world which is like a dream one has when sleeping. Still, I could not check the flow of my aged tears\NOTENUM153: as there passed before my eyes the many recollections of my relationship with His Majesty. Even my brush could move no more. It is said that in ancient times in China "Confucius put his brush down after telling about the capture of thelin," \NOTENUM154: and similarly I would like to have put my brush down too. But since I wished to state the true principles concerning the direct line of gods and sovereigns and to make clear my own views about them, I forced myself to write on.<br>
191M#4#0#0:0:0#Realizing that the end was drawing near, the emperor had the night before moved Prince Noriyoshi to the residence of the minister of the left\NOTENUM155: and had transferred the three imperial regalia to him. In accordance with his wishes, the emperor was given the posthumous name of Godaigo.<br>
192#1#0#0:0:0#Emperor Godaigo ruled the country for twenty one years and died at the age of fifty two.<br>
192#2#0#0:0:0#In ancient times, Emperor Chuai died in a temporary palace erected for his campaign against the Kumaso. Whereupon Empress Jingu soon pacified Korea, quelled the rebellions of various princes, and installed her son Ojin as emperor. In our present age, Emperor Godaigo has been blessed with a truly royal destiny. Having asserted unified imperial rule over the land after a disruption of 170 years, he has himself effected transfer of the throne to his successor. Ashikaga Takauji, a thief without merit or virtue, rose in the world and for some four years distressed the imperial mind and now has caused the emperor's death. Should the great resentment that Emperor Godaigo held against Takauji go unavenged? Inasmuch as the new emperor is also a direct descendant in the imperial line from the great goddess Amaterasu, how can anyone dare go against his imperial authority? Although the country is now disordered, his succession is surely in itself a sign that unity will once again be restored.<br>
192#3#3#0:0:0#Emperor Gomurakami \NOTENUM156:<br>	Ninety sixth reign; fiftieth generation<br>	Personal name: NoriyoshiSeventh son of Godaigo<br>Mother: Ranking Empress Fujiwara no Renshi<br>
192#4#0#0:0:0#It is said that when she was about to become pregnant with him the emperor's mother had a dream in which she embraced the sun. Because of this, it was realized from the beginning that of all Godaigo's sons this one had the most excellent prospects.<br>
192M#5#0#0:0:0#In 1333 Prince Noriyoshi went out to the eastern provinces to provide a defense for the Mutsu Dewa region, and in the summer of the following year, 1334, an edict was issued bestowing upon him the status of imperial prince. In the spring of 1336 he returned to the capital and underwent the coming of age ceremony in the palace, during which the minister of the left, Konoe Tsunetada, placed the cap on his head. Prince Noriyoshi was at that time given the third order and appointed great governor of Mutsu. He once again returned to the capital region in the spring of 1338 and took up residence in the Yoshino palace. In the seventh month of that year he went to Ise, and from there set out again to pacify the east. But he was blown back to Ise, and in the third month of 1339 returned once more to Yoshino. On the fifteenth day of the eighth month, he received Godaigo's abdication and succeeded to the throne.<br>
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