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San Francisco: Departments
Pathology
Pediatrics
Periodontology
Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
Pharmacy
Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science
Physiological Nursing
Physiology
Preventive Medicine
Prosthodontics
Psychiatry
Pathology
The earliest record of instruction in pathology
at the University is dated in 1878. This was 20 years after Virchow
had published his classical Cellularpathologie and pathology
had begun to emerge as a scientific discipline to provide a sound
and rational basis for the development of scientific medicine. In
1880, ". . .pathological changes which occur in different diseases
[were] demonstrated by means of plates, preparations, and recent
specimens of diseased parts" as a part of a course in the practice
of medicine.
A chair of pathology and histology was eventually
established in 1892, and in 1901, a chair of pathology. The development
of research laboratories in pathology may be traced back to the
beginning of the twentieth century. In the announcement of courses
for 1903, it was stated: "The private laboratories of pathology,
under the direction of the Professor of Pathology, are installed
with elaborate equipment for original work along morphologic and
chemical lines. These laboratories are open to physicians and students
desirous of doing research in pathology. Students are urged to undertake
original work in their undergraduate years."
In 1911, the department was reorganized as the
Department of Pathology and Bacteriology and a course in pathology
and bacteriology was given. The faculty was enlarged to include
academic staff in bacteriology.
In 1920, a pathology curriculum was given for
the first time on the San Francisco campus. In 1928, a Department
of Pathology was established on this campus. Beginning in the early
1930's, the department began to undergo further evolutionary changes,
and research programs were instituted in cancer, nutritional deficiency,
and chemical pathology. After the 1950's, many new research programs
were initiated using the new techniques available for the study
of disease. These investigations include studies on cellular ultrastructure,
pathophysiology of hormones, immune phenomena, and enzymes.
After the 1940's, the department acquired progressively
greater responsibilities in teaching and service. The number of
undergraduate students in courses increased fourfold. Postdoctoral
instructional programs showed an even greater increase. New programs
in academic graduate studies were instituted. Postdoctoral programs
and pathology services involved three hospitals with a total capacity
of nearly 2,000 beds. The number of faculty increased progressively
with the growth of responsibilities. Fiscal support for the increase
in staff was possible through funds from both University and extramural
sources. source
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Pediatrics
The teaching of pediatrics emerged from obstetrics
and the diseases of women, to which Drs. James Blake, R. Beverly
Cole, Hugh H. Toland, and William B. Lewitt contributed. An autonomous
department was instituted under William Palmer Lucas (1913-26)--one
of the first to become autonomous in a major school--with the care
of infants at birth assigned to pediatrics. Lucas established cooperation
with many local and statewide activities in child study and care,
including those at the University in Berkeley. Continuation of this
effort led to instruction in child development and environmental
influence. Encouragement of the concept of total-patient care was
probably the greatest contribution of pediatrics to medical education
in the school.
The department was originally staffed by a chairman;
by the mid-1960's there were now three full-time professors, three
professors with shared appointments, three associate professors,
five assistant professors, two lecturers, and a clinical staff of
80.
Fifteen beds in the University Hospital were assigned
to children's care in 1913, including six for infants (with two
wet nurses). Now, 66 beds (shared with surgery) and 54 bassinets
are provided. Pediatric patients in San Francisco General Hospital
(SFGH) were added to the school's teaching facilities (since 1958,
all children there are the responsibility of the department).
The outpatient pediatric service was housed originally
in a curtained-off room in the Pharmacy Building. In 1913, there
were 2,764 pediatric visits to this clinic; in 1965, more than 18,000.
House staff and faculty were shared with the SFGH and include two
chief residents, 12 assistant residents, and ten rotating interns.
Space and funds for research were most meager
until the early 1960's, but extensive facilities became available
and were expected to be expanded. Research was endowed by generous
bequests from Mrs. Mary H. K. Welsh and Dr. and Mrs. E. Charles
Fleischner. Several smaller, extra-budgetary funds and research
grants were also helpful Activities included: newborn care and research,
in close cooperation with the Department of Obstetrics and a most
rewarding association with the Cardiovascular Research Institute;
pediatric allergy, with patient care and experimental studies in
immunology and allergy and two trainees; Pediatric Mental Health
Unit, a pioneering effort concerned with detection of defects as
they affect general health, educability, and behavior, with an extensive
staff and training program which provided patient care and teaching;
cerebral palsy and care of retarded children, a team approach which
involved a number of other departments; and diabetic clinic, which
provided patient care, research opportunities, and a summer camp
for diabetic children. Other interests included cardiology, renal
disease, hematology, cytogenetics, immunohematology, and fibrocystic
disease.
Lucas was succeeded by Alfred H. Washburn (1926-30),
Francis S. Smyth (1933-44), William C. Deamer (1944-58), and Edward
B. Shaw (after 1958). Pediatrics contributed three deans to the
school: William McKim Marriott, Langley Porter, and F. S. Smyth,
as well as Associate Dean Moses Grossman. source
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Periodontology
Teaching of periodontology in the University
was begun in 1921 by a section under the administrative aegis of
the Division of Operative Dentistry. In the beginning, major emphasis
was on oral hygiene. The California Stomatologic Group, as the section
was called, was formed by the teachers of periodontology together
with professors from the Berkeley campus. Among the latter were
Charles A. Kofoid, professor of protozoology, Theodore D. Beckwith,
professor of pathology, Guy W. Clark, professor of biochemistry,
Ivan C. Hall, professor of bacteriology, and David M. Greenberg,
professor of biochemistry.
The stomatology group, under the direction of
the late William Hanford, initiated a series of research projects
carried out at San Quentin prison. During the subsequent leadership
of F. Vance Simonton, of the Division of Operative Dentistry, a
grant of $80,000 was acquired from the Carnegie Foundation, with
matching funds of $20,000 from the Regents. Dr. Simonton was the
first man in an administrative position in the School of Dentistry
to acquire a consequential sum of money for the purpose of dental
research. This group of energetic men acquired for the faculty Dr.
Hermann Becks from Germany. Their total research efforts produced
76 contributions to the periodical literature.
In 1931, Willard C. Fleming was made chairman
of that part of operative dentistry known as the Section of Paradentics.
This included instruction in the area of "mouth hygiene." He continued
as chairman of the section until 1936, when he was made assistant
dean of the College of Dentistry. Leadership of the Section of Paradentics
was then assumed by Robert Rule, Sr., chairman of the Division of
Operative Dentistry. He was assisted by such outstanding men as
Drs. Roy Wright and Dixon Bell.
In 1941, Dr. James Nucholls became chairman of
both the Division of Operative Dentistry and the Section of Paradentics.
In 1943, his successor as chairman of the renamed Section of Periodontology
was Dr. Robert Rule, Jr.
In February, 1950, the Section of Paradentics
was separated from the Division of Operative Dentistry and became
known as the Division of Periodontology. The late Professor Harold
C. Ray was appointed as chairman of the division. Under his administration,
the instruction of periodontology for the undergraduate dental student
widened in scope and the introduction of surgical procedures as
a part of periodontal therapy was added to the curriculum. Dr. Ray
prepared and guided through the Academic Senate a specialty training
program leading to a Certificate of Completion in Periodontology.
It was the University's first certificate program in clinical dentistry.
Dr. Ray also successfully guided through the Academic Senate approval
for the establishment of an Institute of Research in Periodontology.
In the fall of 1960, Dr. Perry Ratcliff assumed
the position of acting chairman of the Division of Periodontology
and in 1961 was appointed chairman. With the support of the administration,
a number of competent young teachers were acquired. The staff was
recruited from graduate programs in the various dental schools throughout
the United States.
A postdoctoral program was established leading
to a Certificate of Completion in Periodontology following a 24-month
curriculum. Research activity again became an integral part of divisional
activity. source
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Pharmaceutical Chemistry
The first chemistry courses given in colleges
of pharmacy were usually considered pharmaceutical chemistry. In
the late 1920's and early 1930's, the students at San Francisco
received the degree of pharmaceutical chemist (Ph.C.) for one year
of study after graduation. The first chemistry course was given
in 1873, the year the California College of Pharmacy was founded.
The chairmen of the chemistry department in the ensuing years were:
Willard B. Rising, 1873-75; William T. Wenzell, 1875-99; Frank T.
Green, 1900-25; Henry C. Biddle, 1926-33. The college became an
integral part of the University in 1934 and the whole college functioned
as one department until 1958.
Assistant Dean Troy C. Daniels pioneered in introducing
physical chemistry and other basic fundamental chemistry courses
rather than applied chemistry into the pharmacy curriculum in the
early 1930's. Graduate instruction in pharmaceutical chemistry leading
to the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees was started in 1939. Also in 1939,
the Spectrographic Laboratory was established under the direction
of Dr. Louis A. Strait.
On June 16, 1958, the Department of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry was established by a directive from President Robert Gordon
Sproul. The chairman from 1958-59 was John J. Eiler; from 1959-65,
Warren D. Kumler; and from July, 1965, John Cymerman Craig. Pharmaceutical
chemistry was developed by the department to encompass a broad area
of study including medicinal chemistry, natural products, biopharmaceutics,
pharmacokinetics, and physical pharmacy.
The Ph.D. candidates were given a broad training
in both the physical and biological sciences. Three graduate students
were enrolled in 1939 when there were five faculty members involved
in chemistry instruction. The first M.S. degree was awarded in 1941
and the first Ph.D. degree in 1942. Between that date and the mid-1960's,
26 M.S. and 56 Ph.D. degrees were awarded. Fifty-one postdoctoral
scholars engaged in postdoctoral study in the department. There
were approximately 40 graduate and 12 postdoctoral students and
20 faculty members teaching these students by the mid-1960's. Since
1934, the department and its antecedents contributed over 1,000
publications, of which 800 have been published since 1948. source
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Pharmacology and Experimental
Therapeutics
In 1927, Dr. Chauncey Leake taught pharmacology
as part of the Department of Biochemistry on the Berkeley campus.
The following year, Dr. Leake was responsible for organizing a separate
Department of Pharmacology on the San Francisco campus. The departmental
laboratory was created out of the former obstetric clinic on the
top floor of the outpatient building. Dr. T. Eric Reynolds, Dr.
Norman David, and Hamilton H. Anderson were the first staff members.
Eleven technical papers were produced in 1929. The pharmacology
class comprised approximately 50 medical students.
The department, by the mid-1960's, was composed
of 11 faculty members who are responsible for the 30 or more scientific
papers published each year. Through additional associated faculty
members, the department maintained a close relationship with the
Departments of Anesthesia and Pediatrics, with Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric
Institute, the Cardiovascular Research Instititute, and with the
Schools of Pharmacy and Dentistry. The department had been housed
in numerous laboratories and offices on the 12th floor of the Medical
Sciences Building after its completion in 1954.
Each year the pharmacology department taught a
total of 300 students in three professional schools. Separate lectures
and laboratories were maintained for medical, pharmacy, and dental
students. The aim of the curricula was to provide the students with
a knowledge of the principles of pharmacology and toxicology and
with a survey of the types of alterations effected in biological
systems through the use of chemical compounds. Although this aim
was constant each of the three student groups was taught individually,
taking into account their backgrounds and their different professional
goals.
In conjunction with the teaching program for professional
students, the department maintained active programs for the training
of graduate students. Approximately 30 students enrolled each year
in the predoctoral program; an average of six postdoctoral fellows
were trained each year.
The Department of Pharmacology was the host and
co-sponsoring department with anatomy, biochemistry, physiology,
medical psychology, and psychiatry of the Interdisciplinary Training
Program in the Basic Sciences Related to Mental Health. The program
was active in the training of pre-doctoral and postdoctoral students
in the techniques and concepts involved in an interdisciplinary
approach to mental health research. The program contributed to the
campus at large through behavior lecture series which brought many
eminent scientists and scholars to the campus. source
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Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science
There is no history currently available
for this department.
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Physiological Nursing
There is no history currently available
for this department.
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Physiology
Physiology as a basic medical science began
its rapid development in this country in the latter half of the
19th century. The subject was generally introduced into medical
school curricula by members of the clinical departments, and independent
departments were created subsequently. The University of California
School of Medicine was no exception, and in 1898, when it moved
into its new building at 3rd and Parnassus in San Francisco, instruction
in physiology was given by Dr. Arnold A. D'Ancona, who in 1889 succeeded
Dr. Melancthon W. Fish as professor of physiology. In 1899, Dr.
D'Ancona became dean, and being dissatisfied that there were no
independent basic science departments, wrote to the President of
the University: "It is absolutely essential to abandon the custom
of giving these scientific chairs to men actively engaged in the
practice of Medicine." This led to the invitation, in 1901, to Dr.
Jacques Loeb to come to California, and led to the action of the
Regents in June, 1902, when they formally "resolved to establish
a University Department of Physiology."
Dr. Loeb chose Berkeley as the home for the new
department and through the generosity of Rudolph Spreckels, the
Spreckels Physiological Laboratory was built there to house the
departmental research activities. The Medical School Announcement
of Courses for 1903-04 lists, in addition to Jacques Loeb as
professor of physiology, the following faculty: Franklin T. Green,
Martin H. Fischer, Georges Bullot, and John B. MacCallum. These
were the new members of the Department of Physiology, with research
facilities in Berkeley, who gave instruction to students in San
Francisco in the new Medical School Building there. One course was
Chemical Physiology given by Franklin T. Green, associate professor
of physiological chemistry. Here we see the antecedent of the Department
of Biochemistry, which separated from physiology slightly over a
decade later. Other members of the department gave instruction in
Berkeley. Thus from its inception the Department of Physiology was
both a general University department (Berkeley) and a department
of the School of Medicine (San Francisco).
When the Regents directed that the first two years
of medical instruction be transferred to Berkeley, in 1906, the
part of the department related to the medical school was moved there,
remaining until July 1, 1958, when a Department of Physiology, housed
fully on the San Francisco campus, first came into being. As of
that time, the department gave three major courses in mammalian
physiology, one in each of the professional Schools of Medicine,
Dentistry and Pharmacy. In addition, programs leading to the M.A.
and Ph.D. degrees in physiology were available. Subsequently, specialized
courses in the area of general physiology, the physical foundations
of physiology, neurophysiology, and cardiovascular physiology were
added. source
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Preventive Medicine
Preventive Medicine appeared in the curriculum
of the medical school in 1899 as special lectures on various aspects
of the subject given concurrently with bacteriology. In 1934, preventive
medicine became a subdivision of the Department of Medicine and
finally, in 1956, achieved full departmental stature.
Instruction began in 1899 with lectures given
to sophomores on public health. In 1912, a course for juniors was
added. In 1918, seniors were offered the opportunity to work as
volunteer assistants in the Bureau of Communicable Diseases of the
State Board of Health. In the 1930's, a course for seniors entitled
Applications of Preventive Medicine was added to the curriculum.
Prior to the time that preventive medicine became
established as a budgetary unit lectures were given by part-time
instructors who were well-known in public health, epidemiology,
occupational medicine, and allied subjects. In 1934, the appointed
staff consisted of Drs. Edward Munson, Salvatore P. Lucia, Saxton
T. Pope, Nina Simmonds, and Lionel Schmitt. The latter was in charge
of student health. In 1935, in addition to its teaching and student
health responsibilities, the department had advisory jurisdiction
over campus activities that could reasonably be deemed matters of
public health, such as the epidemiologic analysis of sickness among
personnel, and the supervision of food handlers and work hazards
on the campus.
Since preventive medicine was always been part
of the undergraduate curriculum, student enrollment paralleled that
of the medical school in general. In the mid-1960's, the teaching staff consisted
of three full-time and five part-time members. The teaching program,
which began with the special lectures in public health and hygiene,
was gradually expanded. Much later, under Lucia's influence, the
focus was reoriented toward human ecology, including consideration
of all the diverse factors--biological, geographical, and sociological--which
influenced, directly or indirectly, the physical and psychological
well-being of humanity. The importance of a broad viewpoint in regard
to health was stressed in all courses, so that the students would
gain insight into the natural history of disease by acquiring the
ability to consider all factors involved in the production of disease.
The department's Preventive Medicine Laboratory
was originally used for tropical disease research under the direction
of Dr. Alfred Reed. Following his retirement, it became the Rh and
Blood Classification Laboratory under the direction of Lucia. Lucia's
interest in hematology led to research on topics such as blood coagulation,
hemocytology, and maternal isoimmunization. source
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Prosthodontics
Prosthodontics had its inception in 1881
when the Regents approved the organization of a dental department
to be composed of some seven sections, one of which was termed dental
art and mechanism. Clark L. Goddard, D.D.S., was appointed professor
of the section. It was specified that the section should be responsible
for providing instruction in everything necessary to enable the
dentist to "supply substitutes for lost dental organs." Then, instruction
was provided throughout the entire dental course. In 1881, the dental
course consisted of two years of instruction and as the class had
but eight members Dr. Goddard was able to act as dean of the school
and professor of the division.
As years were added to the dental course and the
classes became larger, lecturers and demonstrators were added to
the divisional staff. In 1900, as soon as the college buildings
on Parnassus Heights were partially completed, the name of the division
was changed to the more modern term prosthetic dentistry, and Dr.
William Sharp, '00, was promoted from lecturer to professor, thus
becoming the first graduate of the University's School of Dentistry
to be appointed as a professor in the dental school. He retained
leadership until 1914 when Dr. Edwin Mauk, '01, was appointed professor
of prosthetic dentistry. Dr. Mauk served in this capacity until
his retirement in 1940.
In 1923, the dental classes had expanded to over
100 students per class. In order to provide better instruction,
the department was reorganized into two divisions: the Division
of Denture Prosthesis and the Division of Crown and Bridge Prostheses.
Dr. Forrest Orton was appointed professor and chairman of the crown
and bridge division and Dr. Mauk retained the chairmanship of the
denture division. Upon the death of Dr. Orton Orton was appointed
professor and chairman of the crown and bridge division. Upon the
retirement of Dr. Mauk, Dr. George A. Hughes, '22, was appointed
chairman of the denture division. When Dr. Gill retired in 1959,
the two divisions were united as the Division of Prosthodontics
with Dr. Hughes as chairman, operating as two teaching sections
with separate staffs and sectional chairmen.
In the 84 years since the division was established,
a tremendous amount of progress was made in dental science and infinitely
more information was imparted to dental students in their undergraduate
years. The staff consisted of some thirty dental teachers ranging
from instructors to professors by the 1960's. The objectives of
the division remained basically the same, "to teach that which is
necessary for a dentist to know in order to replace lost dental
organs." To this primary objective was added the responsibility
of research in prostheses to further the ever expanding knowledge
of the subject. source
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Psychiatry
The Department of Psychiatry was organized
in 1941, shortly after the establishment of the Langley Porter Clinic
(later renamed the Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute). Karl
M. Bowman, M.D., was the first department chairman and medical director
of the institute.
Prior to 1941, instruction in psychiatry for undergraduate
medical students was provided by a small subdivision within the
Department of Medicine. Lectures and demonstrations covered various
aspects of clinical psychiatry and were given during the second,
third, and fourth years of the medical curriculum. With the establishment
of the department, more extensive lectures, demonstrations, and
clinical work were given. In 1958, the number of hours in the curriculum
devoted to psychiatry was increased and the program was extended
to include a first-year course. Undergraduate instruction in psychiatry
at present emphasized the study of the patient as an integral part
of his environment and includes human ecology, normal and abnormal
psychology, personality growth and development as related to mental
illness, psychopathology and its recognition, and the diagnosis
and treatment of mental illness and personality disorder in hospitalized
and ambulatory patients.
The intensive treatment program of the institute
was the basis for advanced training programs for psychiatric residents
and for increasing numbers of students in psychology, social work
nursing, rehabilitation therapy, neuropathology, electroencephalography,
community mental health, criminology, and law. Special courses were
for non-psychiatrist physicians, state hospital physicians, and
foreign physicians. Interdisciplinary collaboration within the School
of Medicine and with other schools on the San Francisco and Berkeley
campuses was emphasized from the first and was extended to include
new areas of interest, particularly in research training, in social
and community psychiatry, and in child psychiatry, including mental
retardation. All major treatment approaches and theoretical points
of view in psychiatry, psychology, and allied fields were presented.
Research was an integral part of the activities
of all departments and services of the institute, and extramural
support for training and research in the form of specific grants
increased greatly in recent years. Basic and applied research programs
covered a wide range, including behavioral neurophysiology, neuropathology,
behavior and brain waves, and operant conditioning, childhood schizophrenia,
mental retardation, communication, acute psychiatric conditions,
geriatric psychiatry, social and community psychiatry, and psychotherapy.
The number of academic and clinical faculty
members in the department increased from 40 in 1944 to 220 at the
present time. The number of psychiatric residents increased in the
same period from three to 60 and of other trainees, from five or
six to approximately 70. source
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